Midterm 1 - Learning

data sovereignty

right of Indigenous peoples to govern:

• collection of data

• ownership of data

• use of data related to lands, community, cultures

independence and freedom of use

universalist focus

truths that are true in all cases

Two-eyed seeing

Indigenous perspective

appreciates both when learning

Western and Indigenous perspectives

asks questions beyond the individual (relational focus)

cultural perpetuity

knowledge that transcends generations

very important to Breath of Life Theory

passing on ancestral and traditional knowledge

rich and important part of Indigenous culture

order of philosophers / psychologists

1. Socrates

2. Plato

3. Aristotle

4. Descartes

5. Kant

6. Locke

7. James

Socrates

functionalism

objects are grouped together by their functions

does not matter how they look

Plato

Aristotle’s teacher

nativism - born with innate abilities

memory is like wax - impressionable

individual differences between people = their ‘wax’ / mind being shaped differently

Aristotle

associationism

empiricism

memories are fluid but they do follow rules

• similarity = similar information is grouped together

• contiguity = different ideas are are associated

• causality = certain things cause other things to happen

Descartes

dualism - separate mind and body

soul interacts with the body somewhere in the brain

“I think therefore I am”

neuropsychology

the study of the brain and the nervous system

Kant

interactionism - mind and body interact to influence one another

idealism - processing in the mind leads to our perception (imperfect)

inaccurate perceptions of the world are possible - misunderstandings, expectation, distortions

knowledge gaps can be caused by fatigue, distraction → but can be filled by making inferences

schema

abstract knowledge formed by the external world

Locke

‘tabula rasa’ = blank slate

realism

all knowledge comes strictly from experience

complex ideas are formed from combinations of simple ideas and identify based on simple properties → small+red+ball = apple

our perception is exactly how the world is; perfect

associationism

all thought and meaning is based on learned connections between different ideas and events

James

father of the American psychology

functionalism

flexible nervous system => could be modified by experience

nervous system become rigid after 30 (habits)

events and facts leave traces between nerve centers

memory

knowledge of an event or fact not currently in conscious awareness

what should be prioritized in early learning?

speech/language

socialization

emotional regulation

*schedules of development are flexible

recapituation theory

certain things need to be learned at certain ages

Haeckel

highly disputed

behaviourism

interactions with the environment change human and animal behaviour

stimulus-response associations

connections that form between an event and a response

social learning theory

learning by watching and imitating others

social comparison

comparing ourselves to others

impacts/influences learning

expectations (social learning theory)

impact motivation to learn and remember

self-efficacy

belief in one’s own abilities to complete a task successfully

predictive of performance

cognitive psychology

higher mental activities

attention

memory

thinking

contemporary approaches to learning

1. social learning theory

2. cognitive psychology

3. cognitive neuroscience

information-processing theories

how people process information and think about their own thinking

metacognition