UDEL KAAP 220 EXAM 1

Anatomy

Science dealing with structure (How things are built)

Physiology

Science dealing with function (how things work)

Anatomy & Physiology Inseparable

Things function the way they do because of there structure.

Structure & Function

Structure determines Function; Function modifies Structure

Boundaries

Keep Internal & External environments separate

Movement

Whole body

Body parts

Material within body

Responsiveness or Irritability

Respond to changes in environment

Respiration

Oxygen absorption and Carbon Dioxide release

Digestion

Chemical process: convert food to useful form

Metabolism

All chemical reactions in cells

Excretion

Removal of wastes

Growth & Reproduction

Whole individual

Cells - repair damage (injury, wear & tear)

Increase body size without changes in shape

Adaptability

Change behavior, structure

Water

Most abundant chemical compound

Transportation & Metabolism

Food

Energy and Raw materials

Oxygen

For process of releasing energy from food

Body Temperature

Help regulate chemical reactions

Pressure

Atmospheric pressure necessary for breathing

Hydrostatic pressure for moving fluids (blood)

Chemical level Organization

Atoms & molecules

Interact to form building block

For Structure & function

Cellular level

Organelles

Tiny structures

Do work of cell

Cell

Basic Structural & Functional Unit

Smallest unit that can

keep itself alive & reproduce

Tissue level

Groups of Cells

Common function

Organ level

Groups of Tissues

Perform specific function

Organ Systems

Groups of Organs

Function together

Organism level - Whole body

Groups of organ systems

functioning together

Homeostasis

Presence of stable internal environment

Homeostatic regulation

Physiological adjustment to preserve homeostasis in variable environments

Receptor (sensor)

sensitive to any change

Control center

processes receptor information and and sends out commands

Effector

responds to commands opposing stimulus

Homeostatic control is not precise

Maintains a normal range around the set point

Negative Feedback Loop

Abnormal values trigger mechanism that return system to normal values

Positive Feedback Loops

Response enhances the original stimulus outcome

Anatomical position

Standing up

Hands at the sides

Palms facing forward

Feet together

Laying down in anatomical position

Supine (face up)

Prone (face down)

Cation

Loss of 1 electron gives element a +1 charge (ion)

Anion

Gain of 1 electron gives the ion a -1 charge

Anabolism

2 or more (atoms, ions, or molecules) combine

Energy is required to build larger molecules

Catabolism

Chemical bonds are broken

2 or more (atoms, ions, or molecules) are disassociated

Energy is given off or released

Metabolism

The sum of all the Anabolic and Catabolic chemical reactions in the body

Size

Smaller = faster = more collisions

Temperature

Higher temperature = faster = more collisions

Concentration

More concentrated = more chance of collisions

Catalysts

Speed up reactions without being used up itself

Biological catalysts are enzymes

Hydrogen Bonds

Weakest bond

between slight (+) or (-) charges on Atoms or Molecules

Greatest physiological importance

Shapes of complex molecules

Proteins, DNA

Ionic Bonds

Oppositely charged ions attracted to each other

Ionic bonds are weak and dissociate in water

Covalent Bonds

Formed by the sharing of valence electrons

One pair of electrons are shared

Strong Bonds

Electrolytes

Molecules that ionize (release ions) in water

Results in solution that conducts electrical current

Acids

Electrolytes that release H+ ions

Bases

Electrolytes that release negatively charged OH- or Hydroxyl ions

Salts

Electrolyte that dissociates

Inorganic molecules

Water

Minerals

Gases

Organic molecules

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Enzymes

Nucleotides & Nucleic acids