ch. 9 arthrology lecture

Joints

contact between bone and bone, bone and cartilage, or bones and teeth

Fibrous

Bones held together by dense connective tissue

Cartilaginous

bones joined together by cartilage

Synovial

bones joined together by ligaments with fluid filled joint cavity, separating bone surfaces

Synarthroses

immobile, fibrous or cartilaginous

Amphiarthroses

slightly mobile, fibrous or cartilaginous

Fibrous joint characteristics

connected by dense irregular connective tissue, no joint cavity, immobile or slightly mobile

Gomphoses

peg in a socket, articulations of teeth with sockets of mandible and maxillae, function as synarthroses

Sutures

in skull, synarthroses, allow for growth during childhoodyns

syndesmoses

amphiarthroses, between radius and ulna and tibia and fibula

Cartilaginous

hyaline or fibrocartilage between bones, lack joint cavity, immobile or slightly mobile

Synchondroses

bones joined by hyaline cartilage, immobile (synarthroses), ribs/sternum, epiphyseal plate

symphyses

allow slight mobility (amphiarthroses), pad of fibrocartilage between articulating bones, pubic symphysis and body of vertebra

synovial joints

bones separated by joint cavity, includes most joints, diarthroses

Double layered joint capsule

articular capsule, outer fibrous layer for strength, inner layer with synovial membrane helps produce synovial fluid

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage on bone surface at joint, reduces friction, acts a cushion, prevents damage to articulating ends of bones, avascular

joint cavity

space between articulating bones, lined by synovial membrane secreting synovial fluid, viscous, acts as shock absorber, nourishes and removed wastes from chondrocytes

ligaments

dense regular connective tissue, connect one bone to another, stabilize, strengthen, reinforce synovial fluid, extrinsic and intrinsic t

tendons

desne regular connective tissue, not part of synovial joint but helps stabilize joints, attach muscle to bone

bursae

fibrous, sac-like, alleviate friction, found in synovial joints where bones, ligaments, muscles or tendons rub together

tendon sheaths

elongated bursae, wrap around tendons where friction is excessive, wrist/ankles

plane joint

articular surfaces flat, simplest, least mobile synovial articulation, uniaxial

hinge joint

convex surface within concave depression, uniaxial

pivot joint

bone with rounded surface fits into ligament ring, uniaxial

condylar joint

oval, convex surface articulating with concave surface, biaxial

saddle joint

looks like candle, biaxial

ball and socket joint

spherical head of one bone fitting into cuplike socket, multi axial

flexion

decreases angle, bending

extension

increases angle, straightening

abduction

away from midline

adduction

toward the midline

lateral rotation

turns anterior surface of bone laterally

medial rotation

turns anterior surface of bone medially

pronation

medial rotation of forearm so palm of hand is posterior

supination

lateral rotation so palm of hand anterior

depression

inferior movement of body part

elevation

superior movement of body part

plantar flexion

tiptoes

dorsiflexion

digging in heel

inversion

sole turns medially

eversion

sole turns laterally