Bio340 Chapter 1 :

What is a Genome?

All of the DNA in a cell, including coding and noncoding

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea , Eukarya

Which prokaryotic group is most closely related to eukaryotes?

Archaea

What is differential gene expression?

different cells use different genes producing different RNAs and proteins even when they contain the same DNA.

What is the central flow of genetic information?

DNA is transcribed into RNA and RNA is translated into protein

What are the four major biological molecule groups?

Proteins , nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids

What is the difference between a lipid bilayer and a membrane?

A lipid bilayer is a two layer arrangement of lipids, a membrane includes the bilayer plus proteins and other components

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

The charged or polar head

What part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

The nonpolar fatty acid tails

what are examples of ways new genes arise?

Mutation, gene duplication , exon or gene segment shuffling and horizontal DNA transfer

What does it mean that eukaryotic genomes are hybrid genomes?

They contain genetic contributions from different evolutionary sources , including bacterial orgins of mitochondria and chloroplasts

Which organelles are associated with endosymbiosis?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Did the nucleus arise through endosymbiosis?

No, the nucleus is not considered an endosymbiotic organelle.

Why is conserved ribosomal RNA important?

it shows that ribosomes and translation are ancient fundamental features shared across life

What is differential gene expression illustrated by a neuron and neutrophil?

They contain the same genome but express different RNAs and Proteins

what does an enzyme change directly?

The enzyme stabilizes the transition states and changes the rate which directly affects The activation energy barrier

NADH and NAPH primarily transfer

phosphate groups

Coenzyme A primarily transfers

activated Acyl groups

Which level of protein structure is the amino acid sequence

the primary structure is the covalent amino acid sequence

why can proline disrupt an alpha helix?

its rigid structure disrupts regular helix geometry

which amino acid forms disulfide bonds

cysteine , oxidized cysteine pairs form disulfide

Km is commonly described as

the substrate concentration at half of V max

kinases generally

add phosphate groups to targets

phosphatase generally

remove phosphate groups

GTP usually places a regulatory G protein in its

active state

heterochromotin is generally

highly condensed and less accessible for gene expression

Euchromatin is generally

less condensed and more accessible

southern blot detects

specific DNA sequences with a complementary probe

what is the role of a helicase

separate the two DNA strands

DNA ligase

Seal breaks between DNA fragments

Which repair pathway removes a bulky helix distorting lesion

nucleotide excision repair