test one greek and roman

first archaeologists

Nabonidus IV of Babylon and his daughter, Bel-Shalti-Nanner

Giovanni Battista Belzoni (18th-19th c.)

former circus strongman, antiquarian, carelessly pillaged most of the Nile, meticulously recorded his findings

Napoleon Bonaparte

led military expedition in Ancient Egypt that led to the discovery of the Rosetta Stone

Jean-Francois Champollion

deciphered the hieroglyphs on the Rosetta Stone after 14 years of study in 1822

Heinrich Schliemann

(1822-1890) he identified the Turkish site of hisarlık as Troy, excavated site in late 19th century, forged his findings and illegally shipped to Germany

Archaeology

the study of past human behavior through material remains or residues

Artifacts

moveable objects that have been used, modified, or made by people

Structure

artifacts, ecofacts, features together in a locality

Culture (according to an archaeology textbook)

an integrated system of beliefs, traditions, and customs that govern or influence a person's behavior

Edward Tylor, anthropologist, 1871)

knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

Archaeological context

the relationship between a discovery and its surroundings

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

sends electromagnetic waves into the ground or solid surfaces to create images of subsoil or interiors

(LiDAR )Light detection and ranging

uses light to measure distances between surface features

Mythos

story, tale, speech shared orally through generations-Change over time intentionally and accidentally

Logos

word, reason, principle

Mythology

study of a body of myths from a specific culture

Myth (Walter Burkert, 1979)

traditional tale with secondary, partial reference to something of collective importance

Legend

stories about humans?stories with basis in historical fact?

Francesco Petrarch (14 century)

Early humanist, studied ancient classical texts and monuments

Antiquarianism

Interest in the material culture of the past for its aesthetic or its monetary value

“Excavations”

Sponsored to see who could get the best stuff to bring back to museums

Cyriac of Ancona (14 -15 centuries)

Father of classical archaeology, studied and recorded physical remains of ancient Mediterranean

James Stuart and Nicholas Revett(18th Century)

Wrote “the antiquities of Athens” among the first to document and illustrate classical Greek architecture

Bronze Age (2000-1100 BC) : Crete

Ship advancements enabled wider trade network

Minoans, named after myth of King Minos

King Minos

King of Crete, half-human son of Zeus, married to Pasiphae

Minotaur

Son of pasiphaëand the white bull, lives below palace in a labyrinth, fed sacrificial Athenian children

Bronze Age 200-1100 BC): Mycenaeans

not much is known of them

Falls around 1100 bc - ecological disaster warfare, rebellion, economic collapse

Enters Greek Dark Age

Dark Ages (1100-700 BC)

Decline ⬇⬇⬇: widespread writing, kingdoms, large-scale architecture, luxury, trade, representational art

Rise⬆⬆⬆: polis (city-states), Pan-Hellenic (widespread Olympian god worship) Sanctuaries Olympia and Delphi

Geometric Pottery (900-700 BC)

No nature, only shapes

Lefkandi (1100-700 BC)

Coastal village, earliest myth representation in art

Tomb of a hero (heroön)

Centaur figurine (Chiron)

why would antiquarians of the past not be considered archaeologists

The were interested in collecting, not investigating

Archaic Period (620-480 BC)

Kouros/Kouroi and Kore/Kourai

Emphasize perfection, offerings to the divine, funerary statues, symbol of wealth

What is the general Classical Period

(480-323 BC)

Early classical time period

480-450 BC

High classical time period

450 - 400 BC

Late classical time period

400 -323 BC

Before Bronze Age 2000+

Settled societies (Stone foundations), agriculture(tools), sea trade (long boats, regional styles), mobility (cemeteries)

Early classical period 480-450 BC

Growing tension between poleis Athens and Sparta especially

Severe style and natural positions in art

High classical 450-400 BC

Theater, democracy, art and architecture

Peloponnesian War

Sparta and Corinth lead in war against Athens and her allies

Late classical (400-323 BC)

Athens,Sparta, Thebes fighting, motivated by a desire for freedom

Macedon

Is a wealthy kingdom with established monarchy around 400-323

Philip II

becomes king of Macedon and sodifies borders with mercenary army - takes Greek and Greek allied cities through conquest or diplomacy

League of Corinth (Athens and allies)

Made by Philip II to force Greek poleis into submission

Who was popular in art in late classical (400-323 BC)

Hermes,Dionysus and Aphrodite

What ends late classical era

Alexander the Great dying 323 BC , no heir