MOSQUITOES + COCKROACHES

Mosquitoes

Culicidae

malaria, filariasis, encephalitis, yellow fever and dengue

Mosquitoes are most important in affecting human health as its greatest impact as vetors causing well-known human diseases such as

Anopheles

Genera for subfamily Anophelinae

Aedes, Haemagogus, Psorophora, Culex, Mansomia and Sabethes

Genera for subfamily Culicinae

Mosquito bites and Mosquito-borne virus

Medical Importance of mosquitoes

Mosquito bites

• irritating and distracting

• wound created at bite site may allow secondary infection by bacteria exacerbated by scratching

• tingling or burning sensation and sometimes a tiny spot of blood on or just beneath the surface of skin

Arbovirus

arthropod-borne virus

blood-feeding

arbovirus are transmitted to humans and/or other vertebrates by certain species of what type of arthropods

flies, mosquitoes and ticks

blood-feeding arthropods

Alphavirus, Flavivirus, Orthobunyavirus & Phlebovirus

Most significant mosquito-borne viruses

Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori

Pathogen for filariasis

Anopheles spp., Aedes spp., Mansonia spp., and Culex spp.

Vector for Filariasis

Plasmodium spp.,

Pathogen for malaria

Anopheles spp., Nyssorhyncus spp., Kerteszia spp., and Cellia spp.

Vector for malaria

Predators, Pathogens and Parasites, Genetic Control

Prevention and Control: Biological

Filling in, source reduction and drainage and Environmental manipulation

Prevention and Control: Physical

Predators

• use of larvivorous fish, tadpoles/toads, copepods

• Clarias fuscus, Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon Idella and Macrocyclops albidus

Pathogens & Parasites

• use of protozoans, fungi, parasitic nematodes and pathogens

• Microsporidia, Coelomomyces, Romanomermis, Culicivorax, Bacillus thuringiensis

Genetic Control

• releasing into the field male mosquitoes that have been laboratory-reared and sterilized by ionizing radiation, crossing related species to produce infertile hybrid males

• introducing chemosterilants into insectary rearing programs which make emerging adults (both sexes) sterile

Filing in, source reduction and drainage

• filled in larval habitats with rubble, earth or sand

• remove various container-habitats (e.g., tin cans, metal drums, old tyres)

• introduction of a reliable piped water supply to reduce dependence on water-storage containers

Environmental Manipulation

• realigning water courses to increase water flow and prevent the build-up of water

• removal of overhanging vegetation to reduce breeding by shade-loving mosquitoes; or planting vegetation along reservoirs and streams to eliminate sun-loving species

Oils, Insecticides, Insect Growth Regulators and Integrated Control

Prevention and Control: Chemical

Oils

spraying this (with detergents) such as diesel and kerosene (paraffin) to kill mosquito larvae

Insecticides

recommended chemicals for larviciding include malathion, chlorpyrifos, fenthion and temephos

Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)

compounds such as methoprene, fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen arrest larval development of insects, or diflubenzuron and novaluron, which inhibit chitin formation in the immature stages

Integrated Control

combining biological and insecticidal methods: introduction of predaceous fish to breeding places which are also sprayed with insecticides that have minimum effect on the fish

3 530 ; 43 ; 113

how many species and generaS are there for mosquitoes

Cockroaches

Blattaria

Cockroaches

oldest and most primitive of insects

4 400 ; 500

How many species and Generas of cockroaches are there?

many months to two or more years

lifespan of cockroaches

4 - 90

how many eggs/oothecas does cockroaches lay in their lifespan

ootheca

eggs encased in a brown bean-shaped

hemimetabolous

life cycle of cockroaches

Blattella germanica, Blatta orientalis, Periplaneta americana, P. australasiae and Supella longipalpa

Most medically important cockroaches

Blattella germanica

German cockroach

Blatta orientalis

Oriental cockroach

Periplaneta americana

American Cockroach

Supella longipalpa

Brown-banded cockroach

Allergies, Pathogenic Agents and Intermediate Hosts

Medical importance of cockroaches

Allergies

- asthmatics are allergic to their cast-off skins or excreta

- non-asthmatic people exhibit sneezing, runny nose, skin reactions, sore eyes, recurrent ear infections, and shortness of breath

Pathogenic Agents

transmit microorganisms and other disease agents indirectly by contaminating foods or food preparation surfaces

Intermediate Hosts

eggs of helminths are associated with cockroaches: hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), giant human roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), other Ascaris spp., pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis), tapeworms (Hymenolepis sp.), and whipworm (Trichuris trichuria)

Sanitation, Harborage Elimination, Physical Control, Biological Control, and Insect Growth Regulators

Prevention and Control for cockroaches

Sanitation

- Cleanup of food residue in and around coffee machines, sinks, stoves, microwave ovens, refrigerators, trash cans, and furniture

- Removal of clutter (e.g., corrugated cardboard) that provides excellent harborage

Harborage Elimination

eliminate through caulking or sealing to manipulate microclimates = less hospitable

Physical Control

• mechanical techniques such as vacuuming, sticky traps, and pitfall traps

• use of heat, cold, anoxia, and steam

Biological Control

use of natural agents such as parasitic wasps (Aprostocetus hagenowii, Comperia merceti), nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae), and sporulating fungi

Juvenile Hormone Analogs and Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors

Insect Growth Regulators

Juvenile Hormone Analogs

regulate morphological maturation and reproductive processes

Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors

prevent normal formation of chitin during molting.