British North America

What was the primary cash crop that turned the Jamestown settlement into a profitable venture for the Virginia Company?

Tobacco

What term describes the horrific, deadly oceanic trip that transported enslaved Africans to the Americas as part of a larger trade network?

The Middle Passage

Who wrote a harrowing primary account describing the terrifying and pestilential conditions aboard a slave ship during the Middle Passage?

Olaudah Equiano

Following the death of Powhatan, which Indigenous leader launched coordinated, devastating attacks against English settlements in Virginia in 1622 and 1644?

Opechancanough

Which proprietary colony was originally established by Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore) with the intention of creating a refuge for English Catholics?

Maryland

Which colonial founder sought to establish a colony based on Quaker values, religious toleration, and peaceful negotiation with Native Americans for land?

William Penn

Nathaniel Bacon led angry frontier farmers and indentured servants in a 1676 uprising against which Virginia governor?

Sir William Berkeley

Which 1739 slave rebellion in South Carolina involved an armed group of enslaved people marching and ultimately caused planters to enact even more severe slave codes?

Stono Rebellion

According to historical analysis, what was the primary reason the Pilgrims eventually left Holland for America?

They were primarily seeking better economic opportunities after struggling as farmers in urban areas.

In 1619, Governor Yeardley called for the creation of what assembly, marking the beginning of representative government in America?

A representative legislative assembly (House of Burgesses)

The Haudenosaunee Thanksgiving Address gives thanks exclusively to the Earth Mother and ignores other elements like water, plants, and animals.

False

Historians note that the Pilgrims likely would not have survived their first winter without the assistance of Native Americans.

True

Rose Davis, the daughter of a white indentured servant and a Black man, successfully petitioned for her freedom in 1715 because her mother was free.

False

The Barbados Slave Code formally defined enslaved black people as "chattel" (property) and stripped them of all rights, a model later adopted in the mainland southern colonies.

True

Indentured servants were individuals who willingly sold themselves into permanent, lifelong slavery to pay for their passage to the Americas.

False

Paramount chief who unified over 30 tribes in the Chesapeake and initially aided the English.

Powhatan

Led the successful 1680 Pueblo Revolt against the Spanish in New Mexico.

Pope

Wampanoag chief who led a major, devastating war against New England colonists in 1675.

Metacom King (Phillip)

Planned and executed coordinated surprise attacks against Virginia settlers in 1622 and 1644.

Opechancanough

A British West Indies colony heavily reliant on sugar cane cultivation and enslaved labor.

Barbados

A colony founded by a Quaker pacifist that recognized religious freedom and negotiated with Indians.

Pennsylvania

Developed an export economy based on cereal crops and was characterized by a highly diverse population.

New York (Middle Colonies)

The first permanent English settlement in North America, funded by a joint-stock company.

Jamestown VA

Founded Rhode Island after negotiating for land and establishing religious freedom.

Roger Williams

Jamestown leader who ordered colonists to stop stealing food from Native Americans.

John Smith

Introduced a profitable strain of tobacco that secured Jamestown's financial future.

John Rolfe

Virginia governor who was attacked by rebellious frontier farmers.

Sir William Berkeley

A labor system that formally defined enslaved people as the complete and perpetual property of a slaveholder.

chattel slavery

British laws that restricted colonists to selling their goods only to English merchants, causing widespread resentment.

Navigation Acts

The deadly oceanic middle leg of the journey transporting captive Africans to the Americas.

Middle Passage

An economic model where investors pooled their money to share the financial risks and profits of colonization.

Joint-stock companies

Documented the horrific, suffocating conditions aboard a slave ship during the Middle Passage.

Olaudah Equiano

Authored a famous captivity narrative detailing her time living with Native Americans.

Mary Rowlandson

Wrote a promotional piece to recruit settlers to Carolina with promises of religious liberty and land.

Robert Horne

Sent a letter from Carolina describing disease, Native American wars, and the unpreparedness of colonists.

Thomas Newe