Module 17-19 AP Biology Vocabulary Quiz

Cellular respiration

A series of chemical reactions in which organic molecules are oxidized to carbon dioxide, converting the energy stored in organic molecules to ATP.

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A way of generating ATP in which a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an organic molecule, which acts as a phosphate donor or substrate.

Oxidative phosphorylation

A set of chemical reactions that occurs by passing electrons along an electron transport chain to a final electron acceptor, oxygen, pumping protons across a membrane, and using the proton electrochemical gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP.

Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration.

Krebs cycle

The third stage of cellular respiration, in which acetyl-CoA is broken down and carbon dioxide is released; also called the citric acid cycle.

Chemiosmosis

The movement of ions, such as hydrogen ions (protons), from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane, similar to the movement of water by osmosis. In mitochondria and chloroplasts, chemiosmosis powers the synthesis of ATP by ATPase.

Fermentation

A variety of metabolic pathways that produce ATP from the partial oxidation of organic molecules without oxidative phosphorylation or an electron acceptor, such as oxygen.

Fitness

A measure of the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a particular environment; the extent to which the individual’s genotype is represented in the next generation.