Normal breast sonography

Indications for a breast exam:

Further evaluation of clinical findings

• Further evaluation of mammographic findings

• Identification and characterization of palpable abnormalities

• Differentiation between a cystic and solid lesion

• Evaluation of dense breast tissue

• Evaluation of the pregnant or lactating patient

• Inflammatory process

• Evaluation of irradiated breasts

• Evaluation of augmented breasts

• Evaluation of axillary lymph nodes

• Surveillance of benign lesions

• Guidance of interventional procedures

• Evaluation of male breasts

• Initial evaluation of a palpable mass in women under 30

Can ultrasounds detect calcifications?

no

MRI with contrast can help detect

blood flow in small tumors

The breast undergoes fatty replacement with ______ and after ________

age and after menopause

Primary function of the breast

fluid transporation

________ and __________ prepare your breasts for breast feeding during your menstrual cycle

estrogen and progesterone

________ and _________ take over and complete the process during pregnancy and breastfeeding

prolactin and oxytocin

_________ causes the ducts to grow

estrogen

___________ causes lobules to grow and develop

progesterone

_______ causes milk production

prolactin

_________ causes milk release

oxytocin

Risk factors that increase the risk of breast cancer

younger at first period

older at first full term pregnancy

fewer pregnancies

old age at menopause

fewer months breast feeding

The breast cycle does not complete the cycle if _________ does not occur

pregnancy

Breast develop along _______ _______

milk line

where is the milk line

from axilla to inguinal region

what can you develop along the milk line?

accessory nipple

absence of one or both breast

amastia

absence of the nipple

athelia

absence of breast tissue presence of nipple

amazia

more than one breast

polymastia

most common, accessory nipple

polythelia

Subcutaneous layer aka

superficial fascia

retromammary layer aka

deep fascia

fat is least ________ in the breast

echogenic

TDLU

terminal duct lobular units

Functioning unit of the breast

acini

what forms the TDLU?

acini and terminal duct

TDLU no larger than ____mm

2mm

brightly echogenic ligaments in the subcutaneous fat layer

cooper’s ligaments

Run between the layers of the superficial fascia (superficial & deep layers).

cooper’s ligament

__________ layer lies in the superficial fascia and between the two fatty layers of the breast.

fibroglandular

Mammary zone, extension of the axilla

aaxillary tail of Spence

functional tissue comprised of acini, lactiferous ducts. Epithelial lines the ducts.

epithelial

made of connective tissue and adipose tissue

stromal

Lies between the posterior margin of the mammary zone and the pectoral muscles.

retromammary space

Main arterial supply to breast

internal mammary and lateral thoracic arteries

Lymph flow begins _______ in the breast tissue

deep

The lymphatic system follows the breast ______ system

venous

first node/small chain of nodes that drain lymph fluid

sentinel node

between pectoralis major and minor

Rotter’s nodes