blood components

What percent of blood are formed elements?

45%

What are the formed elements of the blood?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

What percent of the blood is plasma?

55%

What is plasma and what does it contain?

Liquid that carries blood cells, proteins such as albumin, metabolic wastes, electrolytes, and dissolved CO2 and O2

What is plasma mostly made of?

Water

What is in the Buffy coat?

Platelets and leukocytes

Where are red blood cells produced?

Red Bone marrow

What are characteristics of RBCs?

Small, flexible, no nucleus

What signals for the production of RNCs?

Erythropoietin, kidney

What gives Hugh surface area to volume ratio to aid in gas exchange for RBCs?

biconcave disc

What is the function of RBCs?

O2 and CO2 transport

What protein do RBCs contain?

Hemoglobin(protein that reversibly binds to CO2 and O2

How many molecules of heme are in each hemoglobin?

4 heme molecules each with ferrous iron

What filters old blood and removes RBCs?

Spleen

What breaks down old red blood cells?

Liver

What brings conserved iron back to bone marrow to make more RBCs?

Transferrin protein

What is excess iron called?

Ferritin

What is heme converted to?

Bilirubin

What is the condition caused by excess bilirubin?

Jaundice

What proteins are broken down and its amino acids are reused?

Globulin proteins

What is the lifespan of RBCs?

90-120 days

When is erythropoietin secreted?

In response to low O2 concentration in tissues(hypoxia) which triggers stem cell differentiation into mature RBCs

Where are white blood cells made?

Red bone marrow

What are the signals for white blood cell production?

Constant primary maturation, secondary maturation in presence of pathogens

What is the purpose of white bloods cells?

Immune cells and fight infections

What are the two main categories of white blood cells?

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

What is a granulocyte?

Granules in cytoplasm, innate immunity, cytokines, inflammation, polymorphonuclear

Which cells are granulocytes?

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

Basophils

Secrete anti clotting factor called heparin which helps lengthen duration of bleeding and cut is able to flush bacteria out, secretes histamine which attracts other WBCs to help fight infection, early allergen response

Eosinophils

Fight infection by injecting toxic granules into Parasites capable of phagocytosis, late allergen response

Neutrophils

Phagocytes, bacteria, fungi

What are Agranulocytes?

No granules in cytoplasm, adaptive immunity, antibodies , mononucleated

What cells are agranulocytes?

Monocytes and lymphocytes

What are monocytes?

Phagocytes that only circulate in blood temporarily then migrate to tissues and organs and later develop into macrophages, which are large phagocytes capable of engulfing viruses and bacteria, to fight at site of infection, dendritic cells present pathogens

What are lymphocytes?

Adaptive immunity, bacteria, 2 types including T and B lymphocytes that protect against specific viruses, bacteria, toxins, and cancer cells

What are thrombocytes?

Aka platelets, non-nucleated cell fragments which contain numerous granules that cause blood clotting or hemostasis

Where are thrombocytes produced?

Red bone marrow

What signals for thrombocyte production?

Thrombopoietin in liver

What makes up 91% of plasma?

Water

What makes of 7% of plasma?

Proteins including albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and enzymes

What does albumin do?

AIDS in protein transport

What do globulin proteins do?

Antibodies, account for blood type

What does fibrinogen do?

Clotting factor

What makes up 2% of plasma?

Solutes including electrolytes, nutrients, gasses, wastes, vitamins, and regulatory substances

What are examples of electrolytes found in plasma?

Na2+, and K+

What are nutrients found in plasma?

Amino acids and lipids

What gasses are found in plasma?

O2 and CO2

What wastes are found in plasma?

Urea and bilirubin

What is blood pH?

7.35-7.45

What in the body is acidic?

CO2

What in the body is basic?

Bicarbonate

What is first step in hemostasis?

Vascular spasm with damage to endothelia