Chapter 3 Socialization

sociology

socialization

is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

Sociobiology

is the systematic study of “social behavior from a biological perspective

Social isolation

Harlow’s experiment (monkey with robot mom), anna, genie (child abuse isolated)

Freud and the psychoanalytic perspective: id

id is the component of personality that includes all of the individual’s basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification

Freud and the psychoanalytic perspective: ego

is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure - seeking drives of the id

Freud and the psychoanalytic perspective: superego

consists of the moral and ethical aspects of personality

Id

freud’s term for inborn drives that cause us to seek self - gratification; it demands the immediate fulfillment of basic needs

examples: food, safety, attention, sex, etc

Ego

the balancing force between the id and the demands of society that suppress it; tries to prevent either the superego or the id from dominating

Superego

represents culture within us, the norms and values we internalize from our social groups; provokes feelings of guilt or shame

Sensorimotor stage

(birth- 2 yrs) during this stage understanding is limited to direct contact

Pre-operational stage

(2yrs - 7yrs) during this stage we develop the ability to use symbols

Concrete operational stage

(7yrs-12yrs) although our reasoning abilities are more developed, they remain concrete

Formal operational stage

(after the age of about 12) we are now capable of abstract thinking

Kohlberg and the 3 stages of moral development

pre-conventional level, conventional level, post conventional level

Pre conventional stage

(ages 7-10) during this stage rules have been learned, and they follow them to stay out of trouble, they view right from wrong as what pleases and displeases their parents, friends, and teachers. Their concern is to get rewards and to avoid punishment.

Conventional stage

(age 10) during this period morality means following the norms and values they have learned

Post conventional stage

during this stage the individuals reflect on abstract principles of what is right and wrong and judge people’s behavior according to these principles

role - taking

process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person’s or groups’s point of view (preparatory stage, play stage, game stage)

Significant others

are those persons whose care, affection and the approval are especially desired and who are most important in the development of the self

Generalized other

refers to the child’s awareness of the demands and expectations of the society as a whole or of the child’s subculture

George herbert mead did what

pointed out how important play is in the developing of self

imagination

(below 3) mimic others

play

(age 3-6) pretend to take the roles of specific people

role taking

is the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from the imagines view

game stage

(school aged) organized play

generalized others

refer the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her own behavior

significant other

refer to those individuals who are most important in the development of self

self concept

is the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves and how we perceive our identity, personality, and worth.

Charles H. Cooley’s looking glass self

refers to the way in which a person’s sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others

Primary socialization

refers to the process of learning that begins at birth and occurs in the home and family

secondary socialization

occurs in teenagers or young adults and refers to the process of learning that takes place outside the home

Tertiary socialization

refers to the process of learning that takes place when adults move into new settings where they must accept certain ideas or engage in specific behaviors that are appropriate to that specific setting

false consciousness

a lack of awareness about how class influences all aspects of social life

Agents of socialization

persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society (the family, the school, peer groups, mass media)

Reciprocal socialization

the process by which the feelings, thought, appearance, and behavior of individuals who are undergoing socialization also have direct influence on those agents of socialization who are attempting to influence them

Peer group

is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and usually similar age

mass media

refers to large scale organizations that use print or electronic means (radio, television, film, and the internet) to communicate with large numbers of people

gender socialization

is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society

Racial socialization

is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one’s racial or ethnic status as it related to our identity, interpersonal relationships, and location in the social hierarchy

Anticipatory socialization

process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles

social devaluation

wherein a person or group is considered to have less social value than other persons or groups

Ageism

prejudice and discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older persons

Resocialization

process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one’s background and previous experience

• voluntary resocialization

• involuntary resocialization

Total instituation

a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution