Other Lab Stuff

G5, G6, G7

what kind of plate is it?

Blood Agar Plates

what does BAP stand for

blood agar plates

blood plates are made with 5% — —

sheep blood

what is the use of BAP’s

Can help to differentiate different organisms based on the organism's ability to create hemolysis (clearness) around the colony.

BAP aka

a differential medium.

what kind if plate is it

Tryptic Soy Agar

define Tryptic Soy Agar

A non-selective, nutritional medium that has the required nutrients to grow a variety of organisms.

Selective mediums

plates that contain specific materials and/or antibiotics to encourage or discourage certain colony growth

how to collect a liquid/broth sample (4)

1. Remove the lid of the container without putting the lid down, keep it held in your dominant hand and the container in your non-dominant hand

2. Flame the rim of the container for 1-2 seconds

3. Submerge your loop tip into the sample without touching the lid of the container

4. Loop should have a bubble in it (think bubbles you buy in the store with the wand), be careful not to break the bubble

how to collect a solid/plated sample (3)

1. Remove the lid of the container without putting the lid down

2. keep the lid held in your dominant hand and the container in your non-dominant hand

3. Gently touch the loop to the colony of bacteria or object to obtain a small amount of sample, careful not to disrupt the plating contents

how to streak a plate (6)

1. Using inoculating loop, transfer culture or specimen.

2. Sterilize loop in between inoculations by holding it in a Bunsen burner flame until hot.

3. Sample should be spread in a back and forth pattern that is separated into 4 different quadrants

4. Once you are finished with one quadrant, you will reflame your loop to sterilize it and then starting from where you left off with your previous quadrant you will start the same back and forth pattern with the next quadrant. This ensures you are diluting the sample as you move throughout your 4 quadrants and are also creating 4 separate quadrants

5. You will then place your plate back onto the lid inverted (upside down) and place in the incubator. This is to prevent condensation from affecting the colonies

6. Check growth every 24-48 hours and once growth is observed a macromorphology of the colonies can be done

what bacterial form

punctiform

what bacterial form

circular

what bacterial form

filamentous

what bacterial form

irregular

what bacterial form

rhizoid

what bacterial form (2)

spindle (lens)

what bacterial elevation

flat

what bacterial elevation

raised

what bacterial elevation

convex

what bacterial elevation

pulvinate

what bacterial elevation

umbonate

what bacterial margin (2)

entire (even)

what bacterial margin

undulate (wavy)

what bacterial margin

filamentous

what bacterial margin (2)

lobate (lobes)

what bacterial margin (2)

Erose (serrated)

what bacterial margin

curled

gram positive = — (color)

purple

gram negative = — (color)

pink

this is gram —

positive

this is gram —

negative

what bacterial arrangements

coccus

what bacterial arrangements

diplococcus

what bacterial arrangements

steptococcus

what bacterial arrangements

tetrad

what bacterial arrangements

staphylococcus

what bacterial arrangements

sarcina

what bacterial shape (2)

rods/bacilli

what bacterial shape

cocci

what bacterial shape

vibrio

what bacterial shape

Spirillum / Spirochete

what bacterial shape

flagella

what bacterial shape

flagella

what bacterial shape

flagella

what bacterial shape

pili

how to Prepare slide with bacteria (8)

1. On the slide, with a grease pencil draw a circle the size of a dime on the bottom side.

2. Then turn it over and place a drop of saline in the center of the slide, the size of a dime

3. Touch a colony from the agar plate with an inoculating loop. Place the bacteria at the edge of the saline drop and gently mix.

4. Do not mix too hard.

5. Mixture should look creamy and not too thick or it will take too long to dry

6. Label slide with your initials and date (use a pencil)

7. Allow slide to air dry till smear looks somewhat dry

8. Pass slide through flame two to three times specimen side up. Do not overheat the slide.

what is the gram stain, stains and order (4)

1. crystal violet

2. iodine

3. decolorization

4. safranin

How to perform the catalase test

1. Using a sterile inoculating loop, touch an isolated colony of the bacteria and smear it onto the glass slide in an even layer.

2. Add two to three drops of 3% hydrogen peroxide onto each bacterial smear. Do not mix the sample

3. Watch for a bubbling effect. Bubbles indicate a catalase-positive result (such as Staphylococcus), while no bubbles indicate a catalase-negative result (such as Streptococcus)

bubbles in a catalase test indicates

catalase positive

no bubbles in a catalase test indicates

catalase-negative

culture answers the question : …

what kind of bacteria are we dealing with?

sensitivity answers the question : …

what antimicrobial will best get rid of this infection?

— of amino acids produces ammonia

Deamination

Ammonia is toxic and needs to be converted to — to to be excreted as waste

urea

Urea filtered by the —

kidneys

— - —% of urea reabsorbed to help create renal medullary concentration gradient

40 - 60 %

define Azotemia

Increased levels of nitrogenous waste products in the blood

define Uremia

Greatly increased BUN/Creatinine

clinical signs of uremia (5)

1. anorexia

2. nausea

3. vomiting

4. depression

5. ulceration of GIT mucosa

— — is the Most common reason for azotemia

pre renal

Pre-renal Azotemia Causes (6)

1. Decreased GFR

2. Increased protein catabolism

3. High protein diets

4. Electrolyte disturbance

5. acid-base disturbance

6. High USG

decreased GFR causes (4)

1. Decreased perfusion of the kidney

2. Shock

3. dehydration

4. CV disease

Increased protein catabolism causes (7)

1. Necrosis

2. starvation

3. infection

4. fever

5. corticosteroid admin

6. BUN increases

7. CREA normal

post renal causes (4)

1. Increased BUN

2. increased Creatinine

3. Animal unable to void normal amounts of urine

4. Urine SG – isosthenuric

5. Electrolyte abnormalities!

define isosthenuric

USG is the same as protein free plasma, indicates damage to the kidneys

protein malnutrition is caused by

low BUN

define protein malnutrition (2)

1. Severely restricted diet in protein

2. Disease preventing amino acid absorption

— is not affected by protein intake

Creatinine

what organ produces urea

liver

what are some abnormalities caused from increased levels (3)

1. Protein Malnutrition

2. Hepatic Disease

3. Decreased Muscle Mass

Ammonia also formed in GIT by bacteria …

acting on dietary proteins

creatine is produced in and released from — —

muscle cells

creatine is not reabsorbed in the —

kidneys

what does SDMA stand for

Symmetric dimethylarginine

what are the normal levels of SDMA

<15 ug/dL

what does BUN stand for

Blood Urea Nitrogen

what are the units of measurement for BUN (2) (SI unit and conventional unit)

1. SI Units (mmol/L)

2. Conventional units (mg/dL)

Carnivores tend to have — BUN normal ranges than herbivores

higher

why do carnivores tend to have higher normal ranges than herbivores

Because of their diets being higher in protein

CREA stands for

creatine

what are the normal creatine values (2) (range mg/dL and mmol/L)

1. 1-2 mg/dL

2. 90-180 mmol/L

true or false : creatine levels don’t vary in different species

true

what are the 3 sources of water

1. Water as fluid consumed

2. Water in food

3. Metabolic water

how is water lost (5)

1. Urine

2. Feces

3. Sweat

4. Exhaled air

5. Body secretions

what are the 2 types of fluid for the body

1. Intracellular fluid

2. Extracellular fluid

what does ICF stand for

Intracellular fluid

define Intracellular fluid

fluid within the cells

intracellular fluid is — - —% of body weight

35 - 45%

what does ECF stand for

Extracellular fluid

define Extracellular fluid

fluid outside of the cells

intracellular fluid is —% of body weight

15%

where is ECF divided to in the body (3)

1. Intravascular (plasma)

2. Interstitial fluid

3. Lymphatic

where is Intravascular (plasma)

within blood/circulatory system

where is Interstitial fluid

in the tissue, between cells

where is lymphatic

within the lymphatic system

what contributes to Osmotic Pressure in Plasma (6)

1. albumin

2. Plasma proteins

3. glucose

4. urea

5. Na

6. Cl

what does Osmotic Pressure in Plasma manage (4)

1. water balance regulation

2. Movement of water across the semipermeable cell membrane

3. Equalize concentrations between ICF and ECF

4. Pressure due to solutes dissolved

balance of water is regulated by (2)

1. thirst

2. kidney

what does the Hypothalamus do

monitors plasma osmotic pressure