MCAT error review Qs

What happens to AA charge upon pH drop?

its charge becomes more positive

what are hemiacetals formed from?

aldoses

what does lipoic acid do?

catalyzes pyruvate—>acetyl coa rxn

what do pH sensitive electrodes detect?

H+

whats the function of a reference elctrode?

provide a stable conc. of the intended product so that the actual can be compared to it

which has a higher frequency, a broader or narrower wave?

narrower

where does DSB (double stranded breaks) occur?

double stranded helical backbone

what muscle cell types allow for cell to cell communication?

smooth and cardiac

elaboration likelihood model

theory of persuasion that explains how attitudes are formed and changed based on a listener's level of engagement

erikson stages

1. trust vs mistrust

2. autonomy vs doubt

3. initiative vs guilt

4. industry vs inferiority

5. identity vs role confusion

6. intimacy vs isolation

7. generativity vs stagnation

8. integrity vs despair

diffusion of responsibility

phenomenon where people feel less personal obligation to act, help, or contribute when other people are present

stimulant examples

cocaine, nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines

depressent examples

alcohol, benzos, barbituates, morphines, heroin

deindividuation

loss of individual responsibility, antinormative behavior (acting against personal or societal morals), and the adoption of a "mob mentality.

fundamental attribution error

other peoples short comings are the result of their internal character

what hormones trigger onset of puberty

GnRH

motivational conflict theory

psychological stress and decision-making struggle that happens when a person must choose between competing goals

exchange rational choice theory

humans make logical decisions by weighing costs and benefits to maximize personal gain across all areas of life

what scan acesses neural activity

fMRI

state dependent effects

people recall information or events better when their internal physiological or psychological state at the time of retrieval matches the state they were in when the information was encoded

halo effect

cognitive bias in which a positive impression of a person, product, brand, or company in one area clouds or influences overall judgment about their other unrelated traits

how do protons actively transport in the ETC

from the interior of the cell to the exterior

what does topoisomerase do?

manage coiling

what tissue type primarily contains and secretes collagen?

connective tissue

what does histone acetylation do for transcription?

promotes it

aldose vs ketose

ketose: c=o in middle

aldose: c=o on end

how do bacteria and viruses most resemble one another

both use nucleotide monomers for genome replication

desmosome

a specialized cell structure that acts like a "spot weld" to anchor neighboring cells tightly together

what is PEPC inhibited by?

malate

is malate to oxaloacetate a reduction or oxidation?

oxidation

where does the citric acid cycle occur in a prokaryote?

cytosol

what hormone regulates the prostate?

testosterone

what does polyubiquitination usually do?

degrade proteins

how does reverse transcriptase synthesize cDNA from RNA?

1. primer is added to the RNA template

2. primer marks where reverse transcriptase will begin

3. reverse transcriptase makes the first cDNA strand by adding dNTPs

4. the RNA begins to degrade while cDNA remains

5. the next cDNA strand is synthesized from the first cDNA strand using DNA polymerase

6. remaining RNA is removed

what process does yeast primarily undergo?

fermentation - even in aerobic conditions

what is the catylitic efficiency at a low substrate concentration (S)

Kcat/Km

what type of macromolecule is a transcriptional factor

protein

what does cholesterol to to membrane fluidity at high vs low temps?

high: decreases fluidity

low: increases fluidity

are desmosomes found iin gut bacteria?

no

what does branching do to boiling point and why?

lessens it because there is less surface area available

what force is required to make an object move in a circle?

centripital

log10=?

1

what protein structure is 3d

tertiary

apoprotein vs holoprotein

apoprotein: inactive form lacking its needed cofactor/ligand

holoprotein: complete active protein complex

do enantiomers rotate plane polarized light in the same or opposite directions?

opposite

what is retention time a measure of?

how much the compound likes interacting with the stationary phase (ir. how long it takes them to get to the mobile phase…longer=longer retention time)

how to determins omega numbering of fatty acid by number of carbons and double bond positioning

number of carbon atoms - double bond position

what does HRMS detect ions based on?

their mass to charge ratio

log (0.1)=?

-1

log1=?

0

Ecell=?

Ecathode-Eanode (red-ox)

light attenuation

gradual loss of light intensity (flux) as it travels through a medium

light diffraction

the bending and spreading of light waves when they encounter an obstacle or pass through a small opening

light refraction

bending of light waves as they move from one transparent material into another

what hybridization makes acids weakest

sp³

do weak acids have a high or low Ka

low (Ka<1)

handerson hasselbach formula

pH = pKa +log ([A-]/[HA])

longer wavelengths have __ numbers

smaller

do longer or shorter wavelengths have higher energy photons?

longer

transferase function

transfers a functional group

where is trypsinogen produced

pancreas

how to find Kd

K_unbinding/K_binding

what does lowering pH do to pKa

increase it

what makes hairpin structures more stable

more base pairs & CG pairs

gamma emission

radioactive process where an unstable atomic nucleus releases excess energy by emitting a high-energy electromagnetic photon (a gamma ray) without changing its number of protons or neutrons.

what are aquiesent cells and what do they contain?

nondividing cells containing unorgaized coils of DNA

where are centrioles found?

near the nucleus border

is heat a state or path function?

path

avoidance vs escape learning

escape is when you perform a behavior to terminate an occurring stimulus but avoidance is performing a behavior to prevent a stimulus

which side of the brain does spacial awareness belong to

right

representativeness vs availability heuristic

representativeness: how well something aligns with our schema

availability: how easily something is recalled

social constructionism

reality, knowledge, meaning, and values are created through human interaction

Mead theory of identity development

self is formed thorugh interactions with others

what bond do proteases cleave?

peptide bonds

what paths does the lactic acid cycle connect?

gluconeogenesis and glycolysis

what do BN PAGE gels measure

multimeric complexes

functions of spleen

immune response, RBC storage, removes old RBC

what drives filtration in glomerulus?

hydrostaic pressure

what does decreased gas exchange do to blood pH?

decrease it

examples of covalent bonding:

phosphorylation, glyosylation,ubiquination, irreversible

examples of non-covalent bonding:

interacts, Kd, ITC, reversible, association, antibody

what does the parasympathetic NS do?

rest and digest

what is O and Hs redox state?

-2 and +1

are ganglions part of the PNS or CNS?

PNS

what is cortisol derived from?

cholesterol

what is the autonomic NS divided up into?

sypathetic and paraympathetic

what makes ionic radii decrease?

an increase in atomic number

what does an fMRI measure?

blood deoxygenation

what does PET measure?

glucose uptake

what does a Hill coefficient represent?

cooperativity

>1= + cooperativity

<1 = - cooperativity

1=no cooperativity

what is cooperativity in binding?

binding of a ligand to one site changes the binding affinity of the remaining sites

does reduction happen at the cathode or anode?

cathode

what must be done to a negatively charged molecule to make it reach pI?

lower the pH

are electrolytic or galvantic cells spontaneous

galvantic

what do ions do in electrochemical cell potntials ?

they migrate towards either the anode or cathode to try to neutralize

whatis a faraday equivalen to?

1 mol e-

what color is litmus paper for an acidic mixture ?

red

is first ionization energy highest or lowest?

lowest

what causes electron affinity?

desire for foreign electrons; no electron-electron repulsion

what causes EN?

desire for electrons within a bond; no shielding