MCAT error review Qs

What happens to AA charge upon pH drop?

its charge becomes more positive

which molecules are glycogenic subsrtates that can maintain blood glucose levels?

amino acids

what path is Acyl-CoA DH essential in?

B oxidation

what path is pyruvate decarboxylase essential in?

ethanol fermentation

what path is G6P DH essential in

PPP (pentose phosphate)

what path is PEPCK essential in

gluconeogenesis

what paths are G6Pase esential in

gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis

prejudice is characteized by…?

thoughts and feelings about someone - NOT actions

cultural relativism

principle that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture

what do social ties promote

stability

are pi or sigma bonds stronger

sigma

group polarization

the phenomena in which when in a group, people tend to reach more extreme polarizing beliefs

what does hexokinase do

promotes glycolysis

what does PFK do

promotes glycolysis & inhibits gluconeogenesis

what do overlapping error bars indicate

that it is not statistically significant

what does fructose-1,6,bisphosphatase do

inhibits glycolysis and promotes gluconeogenesis

what does fructose-2,6-bisphosphate do

promotes glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis

what cell type lacks mitochondria?

RBC (erythrocytes)

function of lymphatic system

residtribute fluid through the body

what produces seminal fluid

seminal vesicles and prostate gland

function of leydig cells

release testosterone

what is derived from the ectoderm?

skin & nervous system

what is derived from the mesoderm?

musculoskeletal & circulatory

what happens to blood pH at increased elevation

it increases

where does translation occur

ribosomes

nonsense mutation

codes for stop

missense mutation

1 base swapped

frameshift mutation

shift entire frame

what are the 3 stop codons

UAG, UGA, UAA

where are glycosidic bonds found

carbs

where are phosphodiester bonds found

nucleic acids

where are ester bonds found

lipids

where are peptide bonds found

proteins

what does the corpus luteum secrete

progesterone and estrogen

what hormone spike causes ovulation?

lutinizing hormone

what must recombination frequency be for something to be linked?

<50%

linked SNPs

genetic variations that sit close on a chromosome and get inherited together often

what is derived from the endoderm?

GI, digestive, and respiratory

what temp difference must you at least be at to notice difference in boiling points

over 25

what reagent is needed

PCC

what is this

an acetal

what reagent is needed

H₂CrO₄

what is this

liquid barometer

do dense liquids sink or float objects

float

what is total pressure equal to

P_atm

how could you find the amount of electrons passing through a current

current (I) = charge(Q)/ time(t)

under saturated conditions, what does Vmax depend on

only E (enzyme conc.) and Kcat (turnover)

hydrolase

breaks bond by adding H2O

common ion effect

adding a substance already in the reaction will decrease the solubility

enantiomer

all sterocenters stay same

how can you rule out something being a diastereomer

it has only one stereocenter- diastereomers have opposite centers (S&R)

lewis vs bronstead Lowry acid?

Lewis: accepts e-

lowry: H donor

what functional group does phosphorylation normally need to occur

hydroxyl

how many rings does a purine have

2

does denaturation increase or decrease entropy

increases

what does negative G mean for K_eq

that its positive

teacher expectancy effect

teachers with low expectations hav poor performing students and teachers with high expectations have good performing students

hawthorne effect

we perform differently when we know were being watched

actor observer bias

other peoples poor behavior is blamed on their internal factors , but your own failures are environmentally caused

self serving bias

success is credited to internal factors but failure is blamed on external factors

confirmation bias

only looking at evidence that supports your original stance

what is cultural diffusion

spread of beliefs from one cultural group to a separate one - only exists between out-groups

false consciousness

a sociological and critical theory concept where disadvantaged groups adopt the ideology of the ruling class, leading them to misunderstand their true economic and social interests

glycolysis inputs, location, output

inputs: glucose, NAD+, 2 ATP

produce: 2 pyruvate, NAHD, and 4 ATP

location: cytoplasm

PDH rxn input, output, location

input: pyruvate

output: acetyl CoA, NADH, CO2

location: mitochondrial matrix

citric acid cycle input, output, location

input: acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD+

output: NADH, FADH2, CO2

location: mitochondrial matrix

ETC input, output, location

input: FADH2, NADH2, O2

output: ATP, H2O

location: inner membrane of mitochondria

LDH rxn input, output, location

input: pyruvate, NADH

output: lactate, NAD+

location: cytoplasm

gluconeogenesis input, output, location

input: pyruvate (oxaloacetate—>pyruvate)

output: glucose

location: liver

glycogenesis input, output, location

input: glucose

output: glycogen

location: liver & skeletal muscles

glycogenolysis input, output, location

input: glycogen

output: glucose

location: liver

beta oxidation input, output, location

input: fatty acids

outputs: acetyl coa (enters citric acid cycle and ETC when O2 is present —> ATP)

location: mitochondrial matrix

fatty acid synthesis input, output, location

location: cytosol; liver

input: citrate (from acetyl coa & shuttled out of mitochondria) , NADPH (from PPP)

output; fatty acids

ketolysis input, output, location

input: ketone body

output: circa acid cycle intermediates

location: mitochondria

ketogenesis input, output, location

location: mitochondria; liver

input: acetyl coa & citric acid intermediates

output: ketone bodies

pentose phosphate pathway input, output, location

input: G6P, NAD+

output: NADPH, nucleotides

location: cytosol

state vs path function

state- function is dependent on current state

path- function is dependent on path taken

what characterizes Z vs E configuration

Z - higher priority functional groups are on same side

E - higher priority functional groups are on diff sides

when counting molecules, is the alpha closest or furthest to a func. group

closest

what is hexane composed of

just hydrogens and carbons

normal vs reversed TLC plate difference

normal: polar stationary phase

reversed: non-polar stationary phase

what happens to e- when absorbing UV light?

bound e- jump to excited states

what kind of structures absorb UV light

aromatic , conjugated ones

what is absolute ideal gas temperature proportional to

average kinetic energy

what is a mixed inhibitor?

an inhibitor that binds to both free enzymes and enzyme-substrate complexes at the allosteric site

what does an uncompetitive inhibitor do to Km and Vmax?

decreases both

social desirability bias

tendency to give socially acceptable answers instead of telling truth

stereotype threat example

being bad at driving as a woman because you were previously aware that this is a common stereotype

radicalization

process where one group designates another with a racial identity

furanose vs pyranose?

furanose has 5C

pyranose has 6C

what lipid types can be emulsified?

steroids and lipid-soluble vitamins

how does ketogenesis occur?

fatty acids are broken down in the liver to produce ketone bodies which are transported after

what is contained in phospholipid structure?

hydrophilic head: phosphate group and glycerol backbone

hydrophobic tail: fatty acid chain

social exchange theory

social interactions are exchanged like economic goods to maximize rewards and minimize personal cost

medicalization

non-medical, everyday human conditions, behaviors, and problems come to be defined and treated as medical issues (ex: erectile disfunction)

sick role theory

exemption from normal duties

explain role theory

exit: disengaging from role

taking: steps into perspective of another person to guide their own behavior

strain: feeling tension within a single role

conflict: tension faced from conflicting demands of 2+ different roles

define mdconaldization

social adoption of fast food chain rules; emphasis on efficiency, calculability, predictability, etc

primary vs secondary group

primary- close knit social group bonded emotionally

secondary- large impersonal social group bonded over a specific goal

which end of the DNA strand is OH on?

3’