energy in metabolism and free energy
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68 Terms
what is bioenergetics
the study of how energy flows through living organisms and how cells use energy
can cells create energy
no. cells transfer energy from one form to another. some energy become less available for useful work, often as heat
what is metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
what is anabolism
chemical reactions that build larger molecules from smaller ones and require energy
what is catabolism
chemical reactions that break larger molecules into smaller molecules and release energy that cells can capture and use
what happens to some energy during energy transfers
it becomes less available for useful work, and it often released as heat
what is a metabolic pathway
a series of chemical reactions that start with a specific molecule and ends with a product
what is an enzyme
a biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up
what catalyzes each step of a metabolic pathway
a specific enzyme catalyzes each reaction
why does each step in a metabolic pathway have a specific enzyme
enzymes are specific to the reactions and molecules they act on, so different steps require different enzymes
catabolism is…
…chemical reactions that break down large molecules into smaller molecules, releasing energy overall.
what happens to energy during catabolism
energy is released overall and can be captured in usable forms, such as ATP
anabolism is…
…a chemical reaction that BUILD larger molecules from smaller molecules using energy
what happens to molecules during anabolism
small molecules are combined to form larger molecules
does anabolism require or release energy overall
it requires an input of energy
what is the relationship between catabolism and anabolism
catabolism breaks down molecules and releases energy; anabolism uses energy to build molecules
what is atps function in a cell
atp transfers usable energy to power cellular processes
how are catabolism and anabolism connected
energy released by catabolism can be captured in ATP and used to power anabolism
what is the purpose of photosynthesis
to capture sunlight energy and use it to make glucose from co2 and h2o
what is the purpose of cellular respiration
to break down glucose and transfer some of its stored chemical energy into ATP
what are the reactants and products of photosynthesis
reactants: co2 and h2o, using sunlight energy
product: glucose
what are the overall products of aerobic cellular respiration
co2 and h2o, and energy captured partly in ATP
what is energy
the ability to do work or cause change
what is kinetic energy
energy associated with motion
what is potential energy
stored energy that matter possesses because of its position or structure
what is chemical energy
potential energy available for release during a chemical reaction
what is a concentration gradient
a difference in the concentration of a substance between 2 areas
what is an electrochemical gradient
a difference in both ion concentration and electrical charge across a membrane
why can a gradient store potential energy
a difference in a concentration or electrical charge can drive particles to move across a membrane and do work
what is chemical energy
potential energy associated with the arrangement of atoms and electrons in chemical substances that can be transferred during chemical reactions
what happens when substances move down an electrochemical gradient
their movement can release stored energy that cells can use to perform work
what is free energy
energy available to do work in a system, such as powering cell functions
what is Gibbs free energy
a measure of the energy available to do work in a system under specific conditions
what does NEGATIVE delta G mean
the reaction releases free energy and it energetically favorable
what does POSITIVE delta G mean
the reaction requires an input of free energy to proceed in that direction
what does delta G= 0 mean
the system is at equilibrium, with no net change from the forward or reverse action
what does delta G represent
the change in Gibbs free energy during a reaction
what is EXergonic reaction
a reaction with NEGATIVE delta G that releases free energy and is energetically favorable
what is an ENdergonic reaction
a reaction with POSITIVE delta G that requires input of free
what does spontaneous mean in biology
a reaction is energetically favorable and can proceed without a continuous energy input to drive it
what does delta G= 0 mean
the reaction is at equilibrium, with no net change
what is the equation for change in free energy
delta G= Gfinal - Ginitial
what happens to free energy during spontaneous (exergonic) change
free energy decreases (delta G < 0)
what happens to stability during spontaneous change
the system becomes more stable as it moves toward a lower-free-energy state
how does high-free-energy state compare to low-free-energy state
a high-free-energy state has more capacity to do work and is generally less stable; a low-energy state is generally more stable and has less capacity to do work
what does delta G < 0 mean
the change releases free energy and is energetically favorable
what is an energonic reaction…
…a reaction that releases free energy overall and has a negative delta G
what does negative delta G mean
free energy decreases, and the reaction is energetically favorable (spontaneous)
what does the magnitude of delta G represent
the maximum amount of work the reaction can perform under the specific conditions
what is activation energy
the initial energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction to proceec
how do enzymes affect energy and delta G
enzymes lower activation and speed up reactions, but do not change overall delta G
what is an endergonic reaction
a reaction that requires an input of free energy and has positive delta G
what does positive delta G mean
the reaction requires an input of free energy to proceed in the forward direction
what does nonspontaneous mean
a reaction is not energetically favorable on its own in that direction and requires an energy input or coupling to a favorable reaction
what does magnitude mean of positive delta G represent
the amount of free energy that must be supplied to drive the reaction under the specified conditions
what is thermodynamics
the study of energy transformation
what is an open system
a system that exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings
what is a closed system
a system that exchanges energy, but not matter, with its surroundings
why are organisms open systems
they exchange both energy and matter with their surroundings
what is the difference between energy and matter
energy moves as heat or light; matter includes substances like water, gases, nutrients.
what is the first law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred and transformed
what is energy transfer
energy moving from one object or place to another
what is energy transformation
energy changing from one form to another
what does it mean that the universe’s energy is constant
the total amount of energy stays the same
what is the second law of thermodynamics
every energy transfer and transformation increases the total entropy of the universe
what is entropy
a measure of energy dispersal and the number of possible microscopic arrangements
what happens to usable energy during transformations
some becomes less available to do work, often disappearing as heat
Does the Second Law mean energy is destroyed?
no, total energy is conserved, but usable energy decreases