Final Exam

NREM Sleep Stage 1

The lightest sleep stage that lasts 1-5 minutes, characterized by easy wakefulness and decreased eye movement.

NREM Sleep Stage 2

A deeper sleep stage that lasts around 50% of total sleep, where heart rate and body temperature drop.

NREM Sleep Stage 3

The deepest sleep stage lasting about 15% of total sleep, where the immune system strengthens and muscle repair occurs.

REM Sleep

The stage where most dreaming occurs, characterized by brain activity resembling wakefulness, and the absence of muscle tone.

Circadian Rhythm

The internal body clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle, influenced by light and darkness.

Homeostatic Sleep Drive

The body's pressure to sleep that increases the longer one is awake.

Insomnia

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, leading to daytime fatigue.

Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)

A condition where the brain does not signal the respiratory muscles to breathe.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

A recurring sleep disorder caused by the collapse of the upper airway during sleep.

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by sudden sleepiness or brief episodes of sleep.

Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)

A neurological disorder that causes an overwhelming urge to move the legs, often associated with discomfort.

Subjective Data

Information perceived by the client or significant others, including feelings and opinions.

Objective Data

Information assessed by the nurse using the five senses and based on factual observations.

Holistic Nursing

An approach to nursing that treats the whole person rather than just the disease, promoting overall wellness.

Chronic Pain

Pain that persists longer than the typical healing time, lasting over 3-6 months.

Biological Therapies

Natural therapies utilizing herbs, vitamins, minerals, and dietary supplements.

Mind-Body Therapies

Therapies that connect mental and physical health, including yoga and meditation.

Manual Therapies

Hands-on techniques such as massage and chiropractic care.

Bioenergetic Therapies

Therapies that focus on the body's energy fields, such as healing touch.

Supine Position

Lying flat on the back.

Prone Position

Lying flat on the stomach.

Fowler's Position

Head of the bed elevated to help with breathing difficulties.

Orthopneic Position

Sitting and leaning forward to assist with respiratory function.

Modifiable Risk Factors

Factors that can be changed or controlled to improve health.

Non-modifiable Risk Factors

Factors that cannot be changed such as age, genetics, and sex.

Disease of Adaptation

Conditions that develop from prolonged exposure to stress, leading to harmful effects.

Acute Pain

Short-term pain that typically arises suddenly and generally resolves as the underlying issue heals.

Nociceptive Pain

Pain that arises from actual or potential tissue damage.

Neuropathic Pain

Pain caused by damage or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous system.

Cancer Pain

Pain caused by tumor growth, treatment, or medical procedures.

Perineal Care

Hygiene practices focused on the genital and anal areas.

Foot Care

Hygiene practices for maintaining healthy feet.

Primary Prevention

Strategies aimed at preventing disease before it occurs, such as vaccines.

Secondary Prevention

Early detection and intervention to prevent progression of disease.

Tertiary Prevention

Management of established disease to prevent complications.

Quaternary Prevention

Avoidance of over-treatment and harms associated with medical interventions.

PQRST Assessment

A method used to assess pain by analyzing Provocation, Quality, Region, Severity, and Timing.

Culturally Competent Care

Healthcare that respects and responds to a patient’s cultural beliefs and practices.

Scope of Practice

The legal parameters defining what healthcare professionals are trained and permitted to do.

IV Assessment

Evaluating intravenous sites and lines for signs of complications like phlebitis or infiltration.

Pressure Injury Stages

A classification system for the severity of pressure ulcers, ranging from intact skin with non-blanchable redness to full-thickness tissue loss.

Fluid Volume Overload (FVE)

A condition caused by excess fluid in the body, characterized by edema and increased blood pressure.

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)

A condition indicating insufficient fluid in the body, leading to signs of dehydration.

Hypoglycemia

A medical condition characterized by abnormally low blood sugar levels.

Electrolyte Imbalances

Disruptions in normal electrolyte levels that can lead to various health issues.

High Protein Foods

Foods like meat, eggs, and dairy that are rich in protein.

Normal Lab Values for K+, Na+, Glucose

Potassium: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L, Sodium: 135-145 mEq/L, Glucose: 70-110 mg/dL.

Skin Changes in Older Adults

Physical changes in skin due to aging, such as thinning and increased fragility.

Nursing Documentation

The legal record of patient care, critical for communication and continuity.

Medication Administration Rights

The ten rights ensuring safe medication delivery to patients.

Priority Assessments Before Medication Administration

Vital signs and relevant lab values that must be checked before administering medications.

Patient Safety Measures

Strategies to prevent harm to patients, including fall prevention and proper medication practices.

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

A scoring system used to assess a patient's level of consciousness.

Seizure Precautions

Safety measures implemented before, during, and after a seizure event.

Isolation Precautions

Guidelines for preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings.

Therapeutic Communication

Communication techniques aimed at enhancing a patient's care experience.

Hospital Acquired Infections

Infections that a patient acquires while receiving treatment for other conditions.