LCB EXAM 4

what implicit memory is and how it is measured with repetition priming

research showing that implicit memory is not impaired in amnesia

evidence supporting priming of meaning (“semantic priming”) and “emotions” (“affective priming”).

explain the Implicit Association Test

how short-term memory fits into the “Modal Model of Memory

short term memory has a central location in the brain which comes from sensory input aka sensory memory then eventually possibly goes into long term memory, not always

the relationship between “rehearsal”, “chunking”, and short-term memory

• Rehearsal (repeating memory to yourself) of short term memories can lead to long to memory

• Chunking: grouping bits of information into larger groups of material ▪ For example, combining the digits “1”, “9”, “9”, and “8” into the year “1998”Uses long-term memory (e.g., for what a “year” is) to aid shortterm memory

how the Brown-Peterson task is conducted and an explanation for short-term forgetting (due to interference

a measure of short-term memory duration

• Forgetting from short-term memory can be caused by interference

• Human case studies (H.M., K.F.) provide evidence that short-term memory is a separate system from long-term memory

evidence for short-term memory and long-term memory being separate systems (patients H.M. vs K.F.

H.M.: Bilateral removal of medial temporal lobes ▪ Normal short-term memory– Good performance if memory tested immediately ▪ Impaired long term memory

K.F.: Damage to left parietal lobe ▪ Normal long term memory • Normal paired associates retention over hours ▪ Impaired short term memory • Cannot remember in the correct order 3 or more numbers letters or words

3 executive functions

Working memory- Short-term maintenance and manipulation of information • Inhibitory control- Self-control: controlling your attention, behavior, emotions to override a strong internal or external cue •

Cognitive flexibility- Adjusting to new demands, rules, or priorities or Shifting behavior, overriding impulses

N-back task

Indicate whether each stimulus matches the one N-back (e.g., 2 trials before in the 2-back task). More and more errors as N gets larger

o Participants see letters on cards then have to decide if they saw the same letter two letters before

Stroop task

you see a word and you have to name the font color and not say the word that you are reading

o You have to inhibit the dominant response to say what you’re reading in order to say the color of the font

the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Sort cards based on “set”: color, number, or shape. Discover rule based on feedback. After a bunch of correct sorts, the rule changes o Ex: sorting by color and NOT by number or shape o The rule will change through the game and you have to pay attention o People with executive functioning issues may get stuck on the first rule because there is no flexibility for change

neuroimaging research linking these tasks to activation of prefrontal cortex

Red = working memory tasks (e.g., N-back task)

• Green = inhibition tasks (e.g., Stroop task) • Blue = activation of flexibility tasks (e.g., Wisconsin Card Sorting task

• Things to notes o Lots of frontal regions and especially top frontal regions are lit up o These tests cluster and overlap eachother o Upper parietal region has a lot going on as well

o PREFRONTAL CORTEX lights all up ▪ This is active in healthy people completing executive functioning tasks

Iowa Gambling Task is and the effects of ventral (bottom) prefrontal cortex damage on task performance

Risky frvld: ▪ Deck A: each card $100 but 50% of the time pay a 250 penalty

▪ Deck B: each card worth $100 but 10% of the time pay 1250 o Safe decks

▪ Decks c

▪ Deck d o Deck A and Deck B seem better at first because of their larger worth ($100). But only Deck C and Deck D lead to gain in the long run (+$250 for every 10 cards

• Iowa gambling task and the ventral prefrontal corte o Example control participant eventually switched almost entirely to Decks C and D (better overall payoff)

o Example participant with ventral prefrontal cortex damage: keeps returning to Decks A and B o Damage to lower part of prefrontal cortex damages ability for decision making

• The ventral prefrontal cortex supports making decisions based on long-term consequences. An important lab task for studying this is the Iowa Gambling Task, which involves deciding between alternatives with different short-term and longterm payoffs

name and define the 3 basic attentional processes we discussed, and a task that measures each

• Orienting:stimulus selection o Detect target and press a button as quickly as possible you are selecting a region of space to pay attention to and when you are selecting that region of space to pay attention to you are quicker to select what you need to do.

• Alerting: prepare for a stimulus (get ready) o An asterisk * indicates target a target (0) is about to appear but you don’t know where ▪ You have this asterisk that indicates the target and a zero is about to appear but you don’t now where and you have to prepare for it and respond as quick as possible ▪ Waiting for something and ready to go

• executive: focus on a stimulus o Press one button when one stimulus (A) is in center. Press another button when another stimulus (B) is in center o Controlling behavior and do it as quickly as possible. Focusing on what stimulus goes on what response o Controlling your attention so that you can respond correctly

research supporting gaps in our attention: attentional blink and inattentional blindness

re two examples of how we can easily miss stimuli even when looking right at them

• here are multiple screens you look at a dot then you begin looking at a plus then begin looking at a mass then you are asked which arm (verticals or horizontal) was longer on the slide with the plus. Every once in a while there is a tan little dot thing near the plus symbol and a surprisingly large number of people don’t notice the dots.

• ▪ These tría;s are repeated over and over and amazingly often filed to notice the tan square even if they were looking right at it o Participants were asked to pay attention to cross (+). After a short delay, they were asked which “arm” (horizontal or vertical) was longer o These trials were repeated over and over o Participants often fault to notice the tan square when it appears occasionally (even though they are looking at it

pre-attentive stage and the attention stage of “Feature-Integration Theory

selective attention to spatial locations and the Spatial Cuing Task, and selective attention to objects and attention to overlapping stimul

Spatial cuing task

▪ Examples of spatial cuing: • sports: spatial attention to right of player but then they move left

• Driving: spatial attention to traffic lights ahead but then pedestrians crossing street on your right.

▪ Keep eyes on the + in the middle of the screen

▪ Arrow appears, disappears then target (white square) appears on left or right side

▪ Press button as soon as you detect target

• Valid trial: arrow points to one side of screen and target then appears on that side (you are quick to detect target)

• Invalid trials: arrow points to one side of screen but target then appears on the other side (attention shift needed; slower to detect target)

Neglect Syndrome

disorder of selective attention (rare) o Damage to a particular part of the brain (usually on one side of the brain) o Only able to pay attention to one side ignore the other side.

o Failure to perceive or respond to a stimulus on one side when presented simultaneously with a stimulus on the other side

o Typically associated with damage to right side of brain, producing neglect of objects in left side of space

▪ Right side often controls the left side of the brain o Neuropsychological tests

▪ Clock drawing test: patients have to draw a clock but only draw the numbers on one side of the clock

▪ Having them identify object in the room (may focus on object on just the right side etc)

• Neglect syndrome: once attention directed, object neglected rather than location

▪ In some studies once attention is directed at something it becomes and object neglect rather than a space or location neglect.

divided attention (driving while talking on a cell phone).  Know how “Bottleneck Theory” explains divided attention

Selective attention —> paying attention to one thing at a time o For our visual world attending to spatial locations and objects

• Divided attention —> paying attention to more than one thing at a time

• Sustained attention —> keeping focus o something

Bottleneck theory of divided attention: attention switching o Bottleneck theory comes in two ways “meaningful processing” and “response decision” o There is a bottle neck that the information has to get through o Bottleneck at “meaningful processing” ▪ Eg wait on processing what road sign says while you process what person said and vice versa ▪ You are going back and forth between processing the two things’ meaning o Bottleneck at “response decision” ▪ Eg wait on decision where to turn while decking on a response to what person said and vice versa

explain experiments showing that mental images can have properties like physical objects; they can be three-dimensional, have a size, and affect pupil size

difference between allocentric and egocentric spatial representations

explain research examining mental representation of a US elicited by a CS in Pavlovian conditioning

Clever Hans performed math calculations and why it is still important

horse that could do math but actually wasnt he was just reading uncouncious cues of his handler like dropping of the hand etc

delayed matching-to-sample method as a measure of short-term memory

the two maze tasks used to study spatial learning and memory in rodents

metacognition and explain an experiment suggesting that monkeys might be capable of it

what is meant by “thinking fast” and “thinking slow”, and “system 1” and “system 2”

“heuristic” is in making judgments

availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic. Know 2 ways that the representative heuristic can lead us to the wrong judgment.

how Expected Utility Theory explains deciding between a gamble and a sure thing. 

 

Prospect Theory explains deciding between a gamble and a sure thing

the “framing effect” is in decision making.

 

short-term memory

ability to hold a limited amount of information for a limited amount of time