Psyc Exam Chapter 7

Thinking and intelligence

How does the brain organize information?

Concepts

Mental categories used to organize information

Concepts

the most typical example of a concept is what

prototype

Concepts formed through direct or indirect experience

Natural concepts

Concepts defined by a specific set of rules or features

Artificial concepts

Mental framework for organizing related knowledge/helps us relate and make assumptions

Schemata

Expectations about how people in certain roles act

Role schemata

Expectations about how familiar events usually unfold

Event schemata

What are the 3 different problem solving strategies

Trial/Error, Algorithm (step by step), heuristic (breaking into parts or working backwards)

What is it called when you continue to use a familiar strategy because it worked before

Mental set

difficulty seeing an object beyond its usual function

functional fixedness

relying too much on initial information when making a judgement or decision

Anchoring bias

tendency to focus on information that confirms existing beliefs

conformation bias

You believe that the event you experienced was predictable, even though it probably wasnt

hindsight bias

judging someone based on a stereotype

representative bias

making a judgement based on information that comes to mind easily

availability heuristic

Who believed intelligence could be classified into one g factor

Charles Spearman

Who believed intelligence was classified into two categories: Crystallized and Fluid intelligence

Raymond Cattel

What is Raymond Cattel’s crystalized intelligence

Acquired knowledge as well as the ability to retrieve it

What is Raymond Cattel’s fluid intelligence?

The ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

What was Robert Sternberg’s theory of intelligence?

There are three types of intelligence, creative, analytical, and practical

Who developed the multiple intelligence theory?

Howard Gourdner

How many intelligences did Howard Gourder say there were?

At least 8

The ability to generate, create, and discover new ideas

Creativity

Thinking outside the box

divergent thinking

Ability to provide a correct or in-depth answer to a problem

Convergent thinking

Standardization

A test is given and scored the same way for everyone in a group

Norming

Using a large reference group to interpret sources

The effect that states later generations perform better on IQ tests than earlier generations

Flynn effect

What two factors does intelligence reflect?

Genes and environment

What are the three components of language

Phonology, syntax, and semantics

Speech sounds and combinations

Phonology

Rules for organizing words

Syntax

Word/sentence meaning

Semantics

A communication system that involves using words and rules to organize words

Language

How do behaviorists think language is learned?

Through reinforcement, imitation, and shaping

How do nativists think language is learned?

Humans are biologically prepared to learn language (Chansky’s LAD)

How do sociocultural psychologists think language is learned?

Language develops through social interactions with others

The fact that language is learned most easily early in life

critical period

What happens when language is deprived during the critical period

The ability to acquire and use language will be impeded

Language can influence how we think

yes thats true!!

The study of identical twins being raised separate from each other proves what?

Genetics have prevalence in intelligence