AH 1001: Chapter 4

shaping norms

certain behaviors may become generally accepted among social groups

enforcing patterns of social control

having rules and regulations in place, creating structure for society (curfews for teens)

providing opportunities to engage in healthy behaviors

access to a community pool so people can learn how to swim and can prevent drowning

encouraging selection of healthy behaviors as a coping strategy

how people decide to cope with certain stress

socioeconomic status

includes family income and educational level of you or parents

greater economic wealth meaning

implies access to healthier living conditions such as improved sanitiation, less crowding, greater access to healthcare and safer methods for cooking and eating

socioeconomic gradient

people with higher status tend to have better health outcomes

Gini index

measure of economic disparity, higher values indicate greater inequality

culture

• directly affects the daily habits of life

• food choice and methods of preparation

• self medication

• certain societies reject strenuous physical activity

religion

• can encourage or condemn specific practices

• male circumcision reduces susepctibility to HIV/AIDS

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when behaviors are easy to change

when the behavior can be substituted for a smilar one and results in a potentially large pay off (examoke substitute tylenol for aspirin

behaviors most difficult to change

one with a physological component like obesity or an addictive element

pre contemplation

individual has not considered changing, information focused on short and immediate term gains are useful

contemplation

• motivates change

• establishing severity of situation

preparation

developing a plan of action

receptive to setting goals

considering a range of strategies

action phase

• when change in behavior takes place

• bring together all possible outside support

maintenance phase

new behavior becomes a permanent part of an individual’s life style

education on anticipating long term nature of behavioral change

group and population interventions

• reinforce individal interventions

most successful approach to smoking cessation

combining group and individual interventions

health belief model

says individuals will change behavior if they believe the disease has serious consequences, they believe taking action will benefit them, they are exposed to factors that promote action, and they believe they can do it successfully

population intervention examples

cigarette taxation, restrictions on smoking, negative public attitudes towar dsmokin g

theory of planned behavior

proposes behavioral intention is influenced by an individual’s attitude performing a behavior, their beliefs about whether people important to them approve or disapprove

diffusion of innovation

• population focused theory

• relative advantage

• compatibility

• complexity

• trialbility

• observability

losses loom larger than gains

incentive systems for behavioral changes are more effective when the incentive is a way to avoid a potential loss

just in time reminders work well

desirable behavior is often reinforced by reminders that are seen just before the time of the desirable behavior should be done (i.e washing hands poster in front of a door before seeing a patient)

default choices are usually retained

people stick with the default options

social assessment

testing people’s perceptions of their own needs and quality of life thru data collection activities (surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation)

epidemiological assessment

determine which health problems are most important for which groups in a community (vital statistics, surveys)

behavior and environmental assessment

identify factors, internal and external to the individual, that contribute to the health issue of interests (literature searches and theory application)

educational and organizational assessment

preceding and reinforcing factors that intiate and sustain behavior change such as individuals knowledge skills and attitudes, social support, peer influence, and availability of services

administrative and policy assessment

identify policies resources and circumstances that help implementation of the intervention

implementation

intervention implemented

process evaluation

assesses extent to which the intervention was implemented as planned

impact evaluation

assess the change in the factors identified in education and behavior

outcome evlauation

assesses the effect of intervention on the health issue of interest

PRECEDE-PROCEED

evaluates health education efforts