Fixed chem ig

not chem

Classical Conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Learning

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

UCR (Unconditioned Response)

an unlearned naturally occurring response to a unconditioned stimulus

UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus)

a stimulus that unconditionally and naturally trigger a response

CS (Conditioned Stimulus),

an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a continued response

CR (Conditioned Response)

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Acquisition

when one links a neutral stimulus to an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

Spontaneous Recovery

the reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response

Operant Conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Law of Effect

behaviors favored by favorable consequences are more likely, and the opposite applies as well; thorndike's principle

Shaping

a prodecure where reinforcers guide behavior toward the desired behavior

Reinforcer

any event that strengthens the behavior to follows

Positive Reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers

Negative Reinforcement

increasing behavior by stoping or reducing negative stimuli

Primary Reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus

Secondary Reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces response only after a certain number of responses

Variable-Ratio Schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Fixed-Interval Schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has passed

Variable-Interval Schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Punishment

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

Cognitive Map

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment

Latent Learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Intrinsic Motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Extrinsic Motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively to receive a promised reward or avoid threatened punishment

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Mirror Neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when preforming certain actions or when observing others doing so

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

associative learning

learning that certain events occur together

cognitive learning

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

neutral stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

acquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

higher-order conditioning

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

spontaneous recovery

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

Generalization

responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli

Discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

discriminative stimulus

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

Biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

insight learning

The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

learned helplessness

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

extrenal locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate

Prosocail Behavior

voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people

Edward Tolman (you have to think at tol booth)

cognitive psychologist; latent learning and cognitive map, through researching rats. Cognitive factors in animal learning.

John B. Watson

emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

B. F. Skinner

believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. as he worked with pigeons and rats and created the \________ box

Edward Thorndike

Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence

John Garcia

Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.

Robert Rescorla

researched classical conditioning; found subjects learn the predictability of an event through trials (cognitive element)

Albert Bandura

researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment