Child Psych- Exam 2 (Social)

The three basic emotional states present during the first postnatal month are _____, _____, and _____.

Contentment, interest, and distress

_____ is a calm, comfortable emotional state.

Contentment

_____ is an alert state of engagement with something in the environment.

Interest

_____ is negative arousal or discomfort, often communicated through fussing or crying.

Distress

Emotions begin at _____ and become more complex with age.

Birth

By approximately _____ months, recognizable basic facial expressions emerge.

Six

The six basic facial expressions listed in the slides are happiness, surprise, disgust, anger, sadness, and _____.

Fear

_____ smiles develop between approximately 6 and 12 weeks.

Social

Social smiles lead to exchanges of facial expressions and _____ between infants and caregivers.

Vocalizations

Back-and-forth social exchanges help caregivers respond to infants and give infants practice with social _____.

Communication

As infants' cognitive abilities develop, _____ becomes more distinguishable from general distress.

Anger

By about _____ year of age, infants increasingly understand that they have goals that can be blocked.

One

Anger becomes more likely when an infant's _____ is obstructed.

Goal

The development of anger reflects growing intentionality and _____.

Autonomy

During the first year, _____ is rarely expressed and may occur when positive interactions are interrupted.

Sadness

In the Still Face Procedure, a caregiver first interacts normally with the infant and then suddenly holds a _____, unresponsive face.

Still

During the Still Face Procedure, infants often try to _____ the caregiver.

Re-engage

When the caregiver stops responding during the Still Face Procedure, infants may become _____.

Distressed

The Still Face Procedure demonstrates how strongly infants rely on responsive _____ interaction.

Social

_____ anxiety is wariness or distress when a primary caregiver is absent.

Separation

_____ anxiety involves distress reactions to unfamiliar people.

Stranger

Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety emerge during the _____ year across cultures.

First

Stranger and separation anxiety reflect developing _____ and the ability to distinguish familiar caregivers from unfamiliar people.

Attachment

_____ refers to individual differences in behavior and emotion.

Temperament

Thomas and Chess identified three broad temperament patterns: _____, _____, and _____.

Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up

Children with an _____ temperament are generally adaptable, have relatively regular routines, and show a more positive mood.

Easy

Children with a _____ temperament may react intensely, have less regular routines, and show more negative moods.

Difficult

Children who are _____-to-warm-up may initially be cautious or withdrawn in new situations but gradually adapt.

Slow

The three modern temperament dimensions are negative emotionality, surgency/positive emotionality, and _____.

Orienting/self-regulation

The _____ emotionality dimension includes fear, frustration or irritability, sadness, and difficulty calming down.

Negative

The _____ or positive emotionality dimension includes approach, vocal reactivity, high-intensity pleasure, smiling, laughter, activity level, and perceptual sensitivity.

Surgency

The _____/self-regulation dimension includes low-intensity pleasure, cuddliness, duration of orienting, and soothability.

Orienting

Temperament ratings by age _____ correlate well with ratings at age four and older.

Three

Temperament is not _____; genetics and environment interact to shape it.

Fixed

_____ of fit describes how well a child's environment accommodates the child's temperament.

Goodness

A better goodness of fit can support a child's _____.

Adjustment

_____ susceptibility means individuals differ in how strongly they are affected by environmental conditions.

Differential

Individuals with differential susceptibility may be more sensitive to both _____ and _____ experiences.

Positive and negative

_____ is a close emotional relationship between a caregiver and child.

Attachment

Attachment is _____, meaning both the caregiver and child contribute to the relationship.

Bidirectional

Bowlby's attachment behavioral system describes how infants seek closeness to caregivers for _____ and _____.

Comfort and security

An internal working model includes expectations about a caregiver's reliability, consistency, warmth, and _____.

Effectiveness

An infant uses an attachment figure as a secure _____ for exploration and as a source of comfort.

Base

Approximately _____ of infants in the United States were described as securely attached in the slides.

60%

In _____ attachment, a child may be distressed when the caregiver leaves and happy when the caregiver returns.

Secure

Securely attached children use caregivers as a source of comfort and a secure _____ for exploration.

Base

Approximately _____ to _____ of infants were described as insecure-avoidant in the slides.

15-20%

In _____-avoidant attachment, a child may show little distress when the caregiver leaves and may not acknowledge the caregiver on return.

Insecure

Approximately _____ to _____ of infants were described as insecure-anxious/ambivalent in the slides.

15-20%

In _____-anxious/ambivalent attachment, a child is distressed when the caregiver leaves and remains distressed or is difficult to comfort when the caregiver returns.

Insecure

Approximately _____ to _____ of infants were described as disorganized in the slides.

5-10%

In _____ attachment, a child shows no consistent pattern of response to the caregiver.

Disorganized

Insecure attachment is more likely in contexts involving higher marital conflict, lower marital satisfaction, parental alcohol or drug use, and _____.

Poverty

Attachment relationships can improve when family _____ decrease.

Stressors

According to the NICHD findings in the slides, time in nonmaternal child care is associated with insecure attachment when combined with less _____ caregiving.

Sensitive

The NICHD findings do not identify time in child care _____ as the cause of insecure attachment.

Alone

Infants can form attachments to _____ parent.

Either

The slides associate lack of attachment to one or both parents with possible _____ or _____ problems.

Internalizing; externalizing

Secure attachment is associated with better emotion regulation, more confident exploration, cognitive benefits, better peer relationships, and higher _____ achievement.

Academic

Secure attachment is not _____; ongoing caregiving quality continues to matter.

Destiny

During the _____ year, children increasingly understand that they exist as separate individuals.

Second

The _____ test assesses self-awareness by placing a mark on a child's face and observing the child's response in a mirror.

Rouge

In the rouge test, recognizing the mark in the mirror and touching it on one's own face suggests _____-awareness.

Self

Self-conscious emotions emerge around _____ to _____ months.

18-24

The self-conscious emotions listed in the slides include empathy, shame, embarrassment, pride, and _____.

Guilt

_____ includes concern for another person's feelings.

Empathy

_____ regulation is the ability to adjust emotional arousal to fit a situation.

Emotion

During the second year, toddlers develop more strategies for regulating their _____.

Emotions

Toddlers may regulate emotions by communicating feelings to an _____, looking away from frightening objects, or seeking comfort from a favorite object.

Adult

Toddlers may begin using _____ when they feel scared to help regulate their emotions.

Language

_____ is the process of communicating the rules of the family and society to children.

Socialization

Around _____ months, parents and toddlers may develop a mutually responsive orientation.

15

A mutually responsive orientation involves parents and toddlers working together in a more _____ way.

Cooperative

Securely attached infants are more likely to comply with adult requests and communicate with adults to achieve _____ goals.

Shared

_____ rules are obligations about right and wrong, such as not hitting.

Moral

_____ rules describe socially accepted behavior in particular contexts, such as cleaning up a mess or behaving politely.

Social-conventional

The four stages of moral development in the slides are caring (0-6 months), affecting others' welfare (6-18 months), promoting/protecting others' welfare (18-30 months), and _____ (30-48 months).

Judging

The _____ stage of moral development spans 0-6 months.

Caring

In Hamlin's puppet study, infants watched one puppet help another reach a rattle and another puppet _____ the attempt.

Hinder

In Hamlin's puppet study, infants were more likely to reach for the _____ helper.

Prosocial

The _____ stage of moral development spans 6-18 months.

Affecting others' welfare

During the affecting stage, children learn how their actions affect others' _____.

Welfare

Helping and kind behaviors increase with age and are influenced by _____ responses.

Caregiver

The promoting/protecting stage spans _____ to _____ months.

18-30

During the promoting/protecting stage, toddlers increasingly use _____ and may comfort a distressed person.

Empathy

Toddlers may comfort a distressed adult but still be unwilling to give up their own _____ to help.

Object

The judging stage of moral development spans _____ to _____ months.

30-48

During the judging stage, children increasingly make judgments, protest, and give _____.

Reasons

Children tend to view moral infractions as wrong regardless of who commits them and as _____ than social-conventional violations.

Worse

In _____ play, each child plays alone and separately in an area with toys.

Solitary

In _____ play, children do similar activities near one another but communicate or coordinate very little.

Parallel

In _____ social play, children may talk, exchange toys, smile, imitate each other, or touch non-aggressively.

Simple

Beginning to _____ is associated with more child-initiated social interactions.

Walk

Increased mobility can expand infants' and toddlers' opportunities for _____ interaction.

Peer

_____ spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that begins before age three.

Autism

The slides describe ASD as involving atypical communication, restricted interests, and _____ behaviors.

Repetitive

Early signs of ASD listed in the slides include limited eye gaze, reduced response to one's name, repetitive behaviors, and decreased use of _____.

Gestures

The slides mention prenatal toxin/environmental pollutant exposure and differences in social-brain development as possible factors being _____.

Investigated

The slides do not present one single proven _____ of ASD.

Cause

The slides explicitly state that vaccines given in infancy are _____ a causal factor in ASD.

Not