Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human body

This is based on the "principles of anatomy and physiology" 15th edition

1.0 why do you think an “autopsy” is preformed

1.1 Define what “Anatomy” is

This is science of structure of the body and the relationships between them

1.1 Define what “dissections” are

This are the cutting up of the body to study the relatioship between the structure

1.1 Define “Physiology”

This is the science of how the body structures work

1.1 Question: What body function might a respiratory therapist strive to improve? whats structures would be involved?

Goal: Improve pulmonary function & tissue oxygenation (ventilation, gas exchange, airway clearance)

• Airways: Nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles.

• Gas Exchange: Alveoli & pulmonary capillaries.

• Breathing Pump / Control: Diaphragm, intercostal muscles, brainstem.

1.2 what are the 6 levels of structural organization

chemical

cellular

tissue

organ

System level

Organismal

1.2 define and describe what the chemical and cellular are

The chemical level is the smallest level which consist of atoms and molecules(2 or more atoms combined together) and which under go chemical reaction

The cellular level is the smallest level which life can exist and is made up of a lot of atoms and molecules working in unison

1.2 define and describe what the tissue and the organ levels are

The tissue level is the group of cells and the surrouding matierla which work to a common function

• with the 4 main kinds being: epthial, connective, nervous, and muscular

The organ level is a group of tissues which worok together for a common function

• 2 or more tissues have to be a part of it to be in this level

1.2 define and describe what the system and organismal levels are

The system level are a bunch of related organs which work for a common goal

The organismal level is the highest level which is any living individual

1.2 list all of the 11 body systems in the body

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

Respiratory

Digestive

Uninany

Reproductive

1.2 question: define tge following terms, atom molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, and organism

• Atom: The smallest, basic unit of a chemical element that retains its unique chemical properties.

• Molecule: A structure composed of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds (e.g., water, glucose).

• Cell: The smallest independent, living unit of all organisms; the basic structural and functional unit of life.

• Tissue: A group of similar cells and extracellular materials that work together to perform a specific function.

• Organ: A structure made up of two or more different tissue types working together to perform complex body functions.

• System (Organ System): A group of independent organs that cooperate to perform major body functions.

• Organism: A living being that has a cellular structure and can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.

1.2 question: at what level would an exercise physiologist study the human body?

An exercise physiologist studies the human body primarily across the cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism levels. They look at how individual cells and muscle tissues produce energy, how organs and organ systems (such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscular systems) respond and adapt to physical stress, and how the whole organism performs during exercise.

1.2 question: Which body system(s) helps to eliminate wastes

• Urinary System: Filters blood and eliminates nitrogenous wastes (like urea), excess water, and ions via urine.

• Digestive System: Removes solid, indigestible food residues and some metabolic wastes through feces.

• Respiratory System: Excretes carbon dioxide $\text{CO}_2$, a major metabolic waste product, via the lungs.

• Integumentary System: Eliminates small amounts of water, salts, and organic wastes (like urea) through sweat.

1.4 What are the 6 defining feature of living organisms

Metabolism

Movement

Reproduction

differentiation

Growth

Responsiveness

1.4 what would happen if any of these feature were to stop?

The organism would suffer and if prolonged then they would die

1.4 Define what “ Homeostasis” is

This is the maintenance of relatively stale condition in the internal environment of the organisms body

1.4 what are “body fluids” and what are the examples of them

These are dilute watery solutions which contain dissolved chemicals and found inside and outside of cells

• fluid within cells is called “Intercellular fluid”

• fluid outside cells is called “Extracellular fluid”

• fluid in-between cells is called “ Interstitial fluid”

some of the key examples would be:

blood plasma, lymph, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid

1.4 what is a “feedback system”

These are events in the body which cycle in the body to monitor, evaluate, and change a condition in the body

1.4 what makes up a feedback system/loop?

Receptor

Control center

effector

1.4 describe what each one of the things in the feedback loop does

receptor: This is a structure in the body which monitors charges in the controlled condition

Control center: this is a structure gives a set point for the controlled condition to follow

• if the controlled condition is not in the set points then the control center will send a outputs to the effectors as needed

Effectors: these are structures in the body which take in output from the control center then makes a “response” to change the controlled condition to get back to the set points

1.4 define what a “ controlled condition” is

This any thing in the body which can be subject to stimulus causing a change in the structure or variable

1.4 what is a ”positive feedback loop”

This is a type of feedback which tends to strengthen the change in the body

1.4 what is a “negative feedback loop”

This is a type of feedback which tends to reverse the change of the controlled condition

1.4 define what a “disorder” is

A disorder is any abnormality of structure or function

1.4 Define what a “disease” is

This is a specific term for illness which is usually shown by a known signs and symptoms

1.4 Define what a “symptom” is

This a subjective experience/ change in the body’s function which are not apparent to the observer

1.4 define what a “sign” is

This are objective changes in the individual which can be anatomical or physiological

1.4 question: describe the location of the intracellular fluid, extracelluar fluid, and blood plasam

• Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Located inside the cells (also known as cytosol or cytoplasm).

• Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Located outside the cells. It acts as the body's internal environment.

• Interstitial Fluid: The specific ECF that fills the narrow spaces between tissue cells.

• Blood Plasma: The ECF found within blood vessels, serving as the liquid portion of blood.

1.4 question: Why is extracellular fluid called the internal environment of the body

The extracellular fluid is called the internal environment because it completely bathes all body cells. Cells live, obtain nutrients, and release waste directly into this fluid, making its constant regulation vital for cell survival and overall homeostasis.

1.4 question:what types of disturbances can act as stimuli that initiate a feedback system

A stimulus is any disruption that changes a controlled condition (homeostatic variable) away from its normal range. These disturbances can be:

• Internal stimuli: Changes inside the body, such as a drop in blood pressure, an increase in blood sugar levels after eating, or elevated body temperature during exercise.

• External stimuli: Changes outside the body, such as extreme heat or cold environmental temperatures, or a lack of oxygen at high altitudes.

1.4 question: What is the difference between symptoms and signs of a disease give examples of both

• Symptoms: Subjective changes in body function that are felt by the patient and cannot be directly measured or observed by a clinician.

  • Examples: Headache, fatigue, nausea, and dull pain.

• Signs: Objective changes that can be observed and measured by an examiner.

  • Examples: Fever, a skin rash, high blood pressure, and swelling (edema).

1.2 Define the function and the structure of the muscular

Components: skeletal muscle tissue muscle usually attached to bones

Functions: Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture;produces heat.

1.2 Define the function and te strucure of the nervous

Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears.

Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

1.2 describe the function and the structure of endocrine system

Components: Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs.

Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ).

1.2 describe the function and structure of the caridovascular

Components: Blood, heart, and blood vessels.

Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels

1.2 describe the function structure of the lymphatic and immunity

Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others).

Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.

1.2 describe the function and the strucutre respiratory system

Components: Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs.

Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds

1.2 describe the function and structures of the digestive

Components: Organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Functions: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.

1.2 describe the function and strucutre of the uninary

Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.

1.2 describe the function and strucutre of the reproductive

Components: Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymis, ductus or (vas) deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males).

Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk