Art History 1012 midterm 1 yes

Renaissance (1350—1620)

term used to describe the history, culture, and art of the 14th - 16th century; focus on realism, humanism, individuality. Linear perspective. Secular is distinct but not opposed to the sacred

- Donatello

- Renaissance

- Youthful biblical slayer of Goliath, the symbol for the Florence Republic, an ideal symbol for the most powerful family in Florence, the Medici's. Example of patronage

- David is in "heroic nude" because he is not dressed and holding a sword post-battle. Formal qualities include contrapposto by the way the statue is standing

Contrapposto

an asymmetrical arrangement of the human figure in which the line of the arms and shoulders contrasts with while balancing those of the hips and legs.

- Perugino

- Renaissance

- Painted for the Vatican under the princely court to present wealth and good taste. Also an example of patronage

- Religion is used here by the way the Church teaches that the keys represent the power to forgive which allows you to cross in heaven. Formal qualities include the symmetrical composition in which we see even horizontal lines between the tile and landscape

- Da Vinci

- Renaissance

- Painted for the central panel of an altarpiece for the chapel of the Confraternity of the immaculate conception in San Francesco Grande. Ex. Patronage

- Madonna is the main subject and the people that surround her are also biblical figures for a religious gathering. Formal qualities include would be the chiaroscuro and Sfumato, as well as the pyramid composition where the taller women use the highpoint and rest surround her to form a triangle that establishes unity even in the most unlikely of places.

Chiaroscuro

the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting

Sfumato

the technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms.

- Botticelli

- Renaissance

- painted for the Medici family member who was a loyal patron of that time and Botticelli paid tribute to them by putting apples to symbolize the family

- Greek and Latin literature gathering together. Formal qualities here are Chiaroscuro

- Michelangelo

- Renaissance

- Church requested this statue to be on one of the cathedrals but was too extraordinary for the outside and therefore should be admired on its own. Ex. Patronage

- Symbol of liberty when in front of Florence city hall, signifying that just as David had protected his people and governed justly that whoever ruled should do the same. Formal qualities include are contrapasso

- Bosch

- Renaissance

- a religious function doe the work as an altarpiece but ended up being displayed in the palace of Count Hendrik III of Nassau- Breda

- heaven and hell with many depictions of religious events such as Adam & Eve and marriage between people. Formal qualities include is the use of colorito, the bold colors placed all over the painting stand out. The use of diagonal lines all throughout the painting shows the eyes given a path to follow when looking at it

Colorito vs. Disegno

Color or painted. A term used to describe the application of paint, characteristic of Venetian Renaissance art. It is distinguished from disegno, which emphasizes careful design based on preliminary drawing.

- Raphael

- Renaissance

- commissioned artwork by Pope Julius II when Raphael moved to Rome

- the representation of the great mathematician, philosophers, and scientists from classical antiquity gathered together sharing their ideas and learning from each other. Formal qualities include the balance in the painting, how each side of the painting if you cut it in half shows the same equal proportions(arches, architecture, scene{people})

- Michelangelo

- Renaissance

- Julius II(Pope) suspended work on his tomb, the Pope offered Michelangelo the commission to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

- Nine perspective panels on the Sistine Chapel ceiling describing the creations of humans as well as the downfalls. Formal qualities here include the two main figures twisting and elongating their bodies to have the light emphasize their bodies at certain angles

- Durer

- Renaissance

- Represents the melancholy of the artist, and that it's a spiritual self-portrait of himself

- His own mind on how he sees the world for what it is. Formal qualities include how Allegory presents itself here with the word "melancholy" symbolizing the truths about existence in the world. The use of diagonal lines here is present to help guide the eyes

Allegory

a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.

- Bruegel

- Renaissance

- Painted in Antwerp when the artist returned from Italy

- The topsy-turvy villagers doing the wild thing people wouldn't normally do.

- Titian

- Renaissance

- Commissioned by the Duke of Urbino as a gift for his young wife to celebrate their marriage

- The woman nude represents the show of popularity of it during this time whether she is human or not. Formal qualities include the elongated body she has while laying down as it shows the depth of perspective in the background of the sky

Mannerism (1520—1600)

An artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symmetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted pose, and compression of space.

- Parmigianino

- Mannerism

- while creating the piece he was exemplifying a new Madonna figure by giving her features that were exaggerated. Unfortunately passed away before finishing the piece

- Madonna is the main subject and the people that surround her are also biblical figures all together presenting a religious gathering. Formal qualities include her elongated body and how she sits. As well as the pyramid composition where the woman is the high point of the pyramid and the rest that surround her form a triangle

Baroque (1600—1750)

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold decoration, and contrasting elements. the Portuguese word for an irregularly shaped pearl.

- Caravaggio

- Baroque

- done for the Counter-Reformation to pull people back to the church

- the man standing(one with the halo) guiding the other man which all ties back together as a religious painting. Formal qualities are the use of diagonal lines in the lighting to guide the eye toward the discussion of religion in the room

- Claesz

- Baroque

- An important new class of patrons emerged in the Dutch Republic; successful merchants who took pride in their material possesions

- the still life of possessions from the artist who displayed self-reflection in the mirror of the ball. Formal qualities include is the genre of painting it has which is a still life that depicts real life

- Rubens

- Baroque

- Painted to tribute to the 30 years war and show the different emotions felt during said war

- The figures reflect how the war affected others. Formal qualities include the figures leaning towards one way as the use of diagonal lines and a blue tint in the painting to express and exhibit sorrow

- De Ribera

- Baroque

- The time when the Counter-Reformation was in demand.

- Saint Phillip here about to be hung like Christ was

- Bernini

- Baroque

- Counter-Reformation used this to pull people back to the church

- Saint Teresa expresses ecstasy while being shot with an arrow by an angel. Formal qualities include how the bodies and arrow positioning are being used as a way of demonstrating diagonal lines. This provides a story to tell while the eyes look upon the artwork

- Rembrandt

- Baroque

- Creates a series of self-portraits to reflect different characteristics of his life

- Self-portraits that summarize his stylistic and professional concerns, also possessing dignity and strength. Formal qualities include Chiaroscuro and how the use of light in his face and the dark bodily colors softly and subtly produce the visual equivalent of quietness

- Vermeer

- Baroque

- A scene of everyday life for the wealthy merchant

- The balance between the importance of the woman's soul and her material goods. Formal qualities include the allegory of the temperate life

Rococo (1730—1770)

A style, primarily of interior design, that appeared in France around 1700. Interiors featured lavish decorations, including small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, easel paintings, tapestries, reliefs, wall paintings, and elegant furniture.

- Watteau

- Rococo

- The death of the Sun King and the rise of aristocracy. Watteau used this piece for entry to the academy but was rejected

- Showcasing the Fete Galante. Formal qualities include the use of pastel colors along with soft and delicate brush strokes

Fete Galante

French word for gallant [outdoor] party

Neoclassicism (1760—1850)

A style of art and architecture that emerged in the late 18th century as part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures. These artists adopted themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome.

- David

- Neoclassicism

- Honors the ancient Roman patriotism

- depicts three men, the Horatii brothers, saluting toward three swords held up by their father as the women behind him grieve. Formal qualities include how the background is de-emphasized, while the figures in the foreground are emphasized.

Romanticism (1789—1850)

A Western cultural phenomenon, beginning around 1750 and ending about 1850, that gave precedence to feeling and imagination over reason and thought.

- Friedrich

- Romanticism

- An era full of emotions and imagination that rejected enlightenment and rationality

- Focused on the sublime. Formal qualities include the use of bold brush strokes along with the usage of vibrant colors to create a sense of awe

Sublime

a quality of greatness or magnificence that inspires awe and wonder

- Delacroix

- Romanticism

- French revolution began due to the middle class's disapproval of the reign of King Charles

- Liberty(the woman) leading the people. Formal qualities include the history of the painting of the idea of liberty and freedom

Realism (1840—1900)

A movement that emerged in mid-19th-century France. Artists represented the subject matter of everyday life (especially subjects that previously had been considered inappropriate for depiction) in a relatively naturalistic mode

- Courbet

- Realism

- Created to portray rural life after the Industrial Revolution

- The two males working and how they represent the low working class of peasants and dehumanized labor and bodies. Formal qualities include the emphasis on the rough brush strokes and the dusty color palette

- Manet

- Realism

- Painting was an updated piece of the Venus of Urbino but was based on Colonialism and slavery shown by the black servant

- Is of a female nude of Olympia which was a professional name for prostitutes. Formal qualities include the stiff body stance of the naked body

True or False: Patronage by elite individuals, such as princes, merchants, and bankers, was crucial for the development of Renaissance art.

True

Linear perspective was an important aspect of the turn to illusionism and naturalism in Renaissance art.

True

The patronage of Renaissance princes was entirely altruistic and aimed simply at supporting the creation of beautiful art for its own sake.

False

The term colorito means "drawing or design" and refers to the foundational role of conceptualization and intention in much of Renaissance art.

False

Hans Holbein's The French Ambassadors (1533) demonstrates a characteristic Northern European emphasis on meticulous and exact detail in rendering objects, interiors, clothing, and people.

True

The high renaissance (1495-1520)

the art and architecture of the early 16th century