US History Ch. 8 and 10

National Road

The first federally funded interstate infrastructure project.

Panic of 1819

Depressions devastated the economy in 1819. This one was about the growth of land.

Railroads

Industrial Revolution brought new technology that moved steamboats and railroads. Fueled the rise of American industry and sparking a new national transportation networks.

Corporation

Railroad corporation became the most visible embodiment of corporate capitalism.

Francis Cabot Lowell

In 1813, when Francis Cabot Lowell created the powered loom used in the mills of Manchester, England. He helped reorganize and centralize American manufacturing process.

Unions

Some workers turned to strikes and unions to pool their resources. Working men organized unions to assert themselves and win both the respect and the resources due to a breadwinner and a citizen.

Erie Canal

New York State completed the Erie Canal in 1825. It was a 350-mile-long human-made waterway linked the Great Lakes with the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean.

Robert Fulton

Established the first commercial steamboat service up and down the Hudson River in New York in 1807.

Telegraph

Redefined the limits of human communication. Samuel Morse convinced Congress to fund a 40-mile telegraph line stretching from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore.

Cotton boom

Cotton boom fueled speculation in slavery. Many enslavers leveraged potential profits into loans used to purchase ever increasing numbers of enslaved laborers.

Market Revolution

The market revolution sparked explosive economic growth and new personal wealth, also created a growing lower class of property-less workers and a series of devastating depressions called “panics”.

Coverture

The custom that counted married couples as a single unit represented by the husband. Without special precautions or interventions, women couldn’t earn their own money, own their own property, sue, or be sued. Any money spent or earned belonged by law to their husbands. Divorce had before only been legal in Congregationalist states such as Massachusetts and Connecticut.

Cane Ridge

Largest revivals of Second Great Awakening occurred in Cane Ridge, Kentucky. Cane Ridge Revival drew thousands of people. Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian preachers all delivered passionate sermons, exhorting the crowds to strive for their own salvation.

Joseph Smith

Mormon founder Joseph Smith. He published the Book of Mormon in early 1830 and organized the Church of Christ a short time later.

Transcendentalism

Had no established creed. United them by their belief in a higher spiritual principle within each person that could be trusted to discover truth, guide moral action, and inspire art.

Abolitionists

People who were opposed of slavery and worked to end slavery.

Charles Finney

The influential revivalist preacher who first coined the term, explained that the residents of this area had experienced so many revivals by different religious groups that there were no more souls to awaken to the fire of spiritual conversion.

Indian Removal

Missionary work had first brought the Cherokee Nation to the attention of northeastern evangelicals in the 19th century. Evangelicals were becoming “civilized”. Fierce opposition from within the affected Native American communities as well as from the benevolent empire.

Frederick Douglass

After escaping slavery, Douglass came to the force of the abolitionist movement as a naturally gifted orator and a powerful narrator of his experiences in slavery.

Women’s Rights

A movement that started to improve women’s political and economic rights. Earliest women’s rights advocates began their activism by fighting the injustices of slavery.

Second Great Awakening

Reignited Protestant spirituality during the early 19th century. Incorporated worshippers into an expansive religious community that crisscrossed all regions of the US. Tackled many issues: alcoholism, slavery, inequality of women and reformers worked tirelessly to remake the world around them.

Unitarians

Group of ministers and their followers came to reject key aspects of “orthodox” Protestant belief including the divinity of Christ. They founded the Transcendental Club in 1836.

Ralph Waldo

Member of the Transcendental club. Espoused a religious worldview wherein God, “the eternal ONE”, manifested through the special harmony between the individual soul and nature.

Benevolent Empire

Departed from revivalism’s early populism, as middle-class ministers dominated the leadership of antebellum reform societies. Middle-class women, responsible for the moral maintenance of their homes and communities.

Temperance

Movement designed to curb Americans’ consumption of alcohol, abolitionist campaign to eradicate slavery in the US and women’s rights agitation to improve women’s political and economic rights.

William Lloyd Garrison

Converted to the antislavery idea of immediatism—that is, the demand for emancipation without delay

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Upped the ante by harshly penalizing officials who failed to arrest runaways and private citizens who tried to help them

Seneca falls convention

A 2-day summit in New York state in which women’s rights advocates came together to discuss the problems facing women.