Unit 1

Health and Wellbeing

The state of a person’s spiritual, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy and capable.

Disease

A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage.

Subjective

Influenced or based on personal beliefs, feelings or opinions.

Illness

A subjective concept related to the personal experience of a disease or injury.

Chronic Condition

Any disease that lasts a long-time, often incurable and require ongoing treatment and management.

Physical HWB

The state and functioning of the body and its systems. Including physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

Physical Characteristics (7)

• Healthy Body weight

• Absence of disease or injury

• Optimal levels of energy

• Physical capacity to perform daily tasks

• Appropriate levels of fitness

• Optimal blood pressure

• Well-functioning systems and organs

Emotional HWB

Ability to express feelings in an appropriate way, with positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions.

Emotional Characteristics (4)

• High level of Resilience

• Experience Appropriate emotions in given scenarios

• Recognise and understand emotional actions and reactions

• Effectively express and manage emotional actions and reactions

Social HWB

The state and quality of the interactions and relationships that an individual has with other people.

Social Characteristics (5)

• Supportive Network of friends

• Productive relationships

• Effective communication

• Supportive family

• Ability to manage and adapt to different social situations

Mental HWB

Mind or Brain ability to think and process information.

Mental Characteristics (6)

• Low levels of stress and anxiety

• Optimal self-esteem

• Ability to think and process information

• High levels of confidence

• Ability to use logic and reasoning

• Positive thought patterns

Spiritual Health and Wellbeing

The ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds of humans.

Spiritual Health and Wellbeing (5)

• Sense of belonging and connection to the world

• Positive meaning, place and purpose in life

• Peace + Hope

• Developed personal values and beliefs

• Acting in accordance with values and views

Healths as an Individual Resource (7)

• Live Independently

• Work Productively

• Work towards a purpose in life

• Exercise

• Earn an income

• reduce healthcare costs

• Spend time with friends

Health as a National Resource (6)

• Longer life expectancy

• Reduced stress + anxiety

• High income

• Increased productivity

• Healthcare savings

• Fewer reliance on social security

Health as a Global Resource (5)

• Reduce disease transmission

• Promotes economic development

• Promotes sustainability

• Social development

• Promote peace + stability

Morbidity

ll health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population

Incidence

The number/rate of new cases if a disease in a population during a given period.

Prevalence

The total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

What is Health Status

An individuals or populations overall level of health and wellbeing taking into account various indicators.

What is Self-Assessd Health Status?

An individuals own opinion about how they feel about their life.

What is Life Expectancy?

the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change

What is Health-Adjusted life expectancy?

Average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health.

Mortality

Relates to death, often at a population level

Mortality Rate

The measure of proportion of a population who die in a one year period, per 100,000

Infant Mortality Rate

The rate of infant deaths - before 1st birthday per 1,000 births.

Under 5 - Mortality Rates

The number of child deaths under 5 years of age per 1,000 births.

Maternal Mortality Rates

Number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy or child birth, per 100,000 women who give birth.

Congenical Maliformations

Physical defect developing either in the uterus or dating form birth

Obstetric Haemorrhage.

Heavy bleeding during birth

Years of Life Lost (YLL)

a measure of how many years of expected life are lost to premature death.

Years Lived with Disability (YLD)

a measure of how many healthy years of life lost to disease injury or disability.

Disability Adjusted life Years (DALY)

a measure of burden of disease, one is equal to one year of healthy life lost due to illness and or premature death.

Burden of disease

a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability.

Hypertensions

High blood pressure

How does Smoking cause Cancer

• introduces harmful chemicals into the lungs

• they can damage DNA cells, including genes that normally repair cells

• increasing the risk of uncontrolled and abnormal cell growth

• increasing risk of developing lung caner

How does Smoking cause Asthma

Smoking early in life can damage developing lungs and irritate the airways, increasing the risk of asthma. This can cause inflammation and tightening of the muscles around the airways, making it harder to breathe.

How does Alcohol cause Cancer

• when alcohol is consumed it is metabolised but he liver, the metabolisation can produce harmful chemicals into the body

• chemical damages DNA cells

• lead to abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth and development of several cancers

How does Alcohol cause Liver Disease

• alcohol is filtered through the liver

• excessive consumption of alcohol can cause inflammation and scarring of liver tissue

• over time this can lead to liver diseases like cirrhosis

How does Obesity cause Cardiovascular Disease

• Obesity increases strain on the heart to pump blood around more body mass and tissue

• increases risk blood pressure and damaged blood vessels

• increases risk of cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks and strokes

How does Obesity cause Arthritis.

• excess weight places extra pressure on joints, especially in the hips and ankles

• wears down cartilage over time

• causing bones to rub together

• leading to pain, stiffness and reduced mobility

How does Low Fibre intake cause Colorectal Cancer

Fibre adds bulk to faeces and helps move waste through the digestive system more efficiently, which can reduce the time harmful substances stay in the gut and lower the risk of abnormal or cancerous cell development.

How does Low Fibre intake cause Type 2 Diabetes

• fibre helps slow the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream, helping keep blood sugar levels stable

• Reduces the strain on the pancreas to produce insulin

• lack of fibre increases blood glucose levels and increase demand for pancreas to produce insulin

• overtime can lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

How does excessive Fat Consumption cause Obesity

• overconsumption of fatty foods that aren’t not burned for energy

• stored as fat in the body

• overtime can lead to weight gain and obesity

How does excessive Fat Consumption cause Type 2 Diabetes

• diets high in saturated and trans fats have been shown to change the compositor of cell membranes

• interfering with he transport of glucose to the cell

• impairing the function of glucose

• increasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes

Types of Fat

Bad: trans + saturated Good: monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

How does excessive Sugar Consumption cause Obesity

• Sugars provide energy

• when consumed in excess and not burned off they are stored as fat

• Overtime can lead to weight gain and obesity over time

How does excessive Salt Consumption cause Hypertension

• high levels of salt increases levels of sodium in the blood stream

• sodium draws fluids out of cells into the blood stream

• increasing amount of blood blood volume, increasing pressure on blood vessel walls

• leading to hypertension

How does excessive Salt Consumption cause Osteoporosis

• Excess salt consumption increase amount of sodium the blood

• excess sodium increases calcium loss in urine

• over time excess calcium loos can reduce bone density and lead to osteoporosis

How does underconsumption of Dairy cause Osteoporosis?

Dairy foods are rich in calcium that strengthen our bones and prevent weak poropous bones like in osteoporosis

What is meant by Biological Factors?

Factors that relate to the body that impact health and wellbeing

What are the Biological Factors (7)

• Body Weight

• Age

• Blood Pressure

• Genetics

• Glucose Regulation

• Blood Cholesterol

• Birth Weight

What are Sociocultural Factors?

The social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age.

Name the Sociocultural Factors (8)

• Comercial Factors

• Socioeconomic status

• Employment Status

• Social Network

• Social Isolation

• Early Life Experiences

• Food Insecurity

• Access to Health care

What are Environmental Factors?

the physical surroundings in which we live work and play in.

What are the Environmental Factors (4)

• Work Environment

• Housing

• Urban Design + Infrastructure

• Climate Change