AOS 1 Unit 3 HHD

Health and Wellbeing

The state of a person’s spiritual, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy and capable.

Disease

A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage.

Subjective

Influenced or based on personal beliefs, feelings or opinions.

Illness

A subjective concept related to the personal experience of a disease or injury.

Chronic Condition

Any disease that lasts a long-time, often incurable and require ongoing treatment and management.

Physical HWB

The state and functioning of the body and its systems. Including physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

Physical Characteristics (7)

• Healthy Body weight

• Absence of disease or injury

• Optimal levels of energy

• Physical capacity to perform daily tasks

• Appropriate levels of fitness

• Optimal blood pressure

• Well-functioning systems and organs

Emotional HWB

Ability to express feelings in an appropriate way and positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions.

Emotional Characteristics (4)

• High level of Resilience

• Experience Appropriate emotions

• Recognise and understand emotional response

• Express and manage emotional actions

Social HWB

The state and quality of the interactions and relationships that an individual has with other people.

Social Characteristics (5)

• Supportive Network of friends

• Productive relationships

• Effective communication

• Supportive family

• Ability to manage and adapt to different social situations

Mental HWB

Mind or Brain ability to think and process information.

Mental Characteristics (6)

• Low levels of stress and anxiety

• Optimal self-esteem

• Ability to think and process information

• High levels of confidence

• Ability to use logic and reasoning

• Positive thought patterns

Spiritual Health and Wellbeing

The ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds of humans.

Spiritual Health and Wellbeing (4)

• Sense of belonging

• Purpose in life

• Peace + Hope

• Personal values and beliefs

Healths as an Individual Resource (7)

• Live Independently

• Work Productively

• Work towards a purpose in life

• Exercise

• Earn an income

• reduce healthcare costs

• Spend time with friends

Health as a National Resource (6)

• Longer life expectancy

• Reduced stress + anxiety

• High income

• Increased productivity

• Healthcare savings

• Fewer reliance on social security

Health as a Global Resource (5)

• Reduce disease transmission

• Promotes economic development

• Promotes sustainability

• Social development

• Promote peace + stability

Morbidity

Ill health, in a population and levels of ill health within a population

Incidence

The number/rate of new cases if a disease in a population during a given period.

Prevalence

The total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

Health Status

An individuals or populations overall level of health and wellbeing taking into account various indicators.

Self-Assed Health Status

An individuals own opinion about how they feel about their life.

Life Expectancy

Years of life on average of a particular person based if death rates don’t change.

Health-Adjusted life expectancy

Average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health.

Mortality

Relates to death, often at a population level

Mortality Rate

The measure of proportion of a population who die in a one year period, per 100,000

Infant Mortality Rate

The rate of infant deaths - before 1st birthday per 1,000 births.

Under 5 - Mortality Rates

The number of child deaths under 5 years of age per 1,000 births.

Maternal Mortality Rates

Number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy or child birth, per 100,000 women who give birth.

Congenical Maliformations

Physical defect developing either in the uterus or dating form birth

Obstetric Haemorrhage.

Heavy bleeding during birth

Years of Life Lost (YLL)

a measure of how many years of expected life are lost to premature death.

Years Lived with Disability (YLD)

a measure of how many healthy years of life lost to disease injury or disability.

Disability Adjusted life Years (DALY)

a measure of burden of disease, one is equal to one year of healthy life lost due to illness and or premature death.

Burden of disease

a measure of the disease and injury on the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age, free from disease and disability

Hypertensions

High blood pressure

How does Smoking cause Cancer

Harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke enter the lungs and damage DNA in cells, including genes that normally repair DNA and protect against cancer. This increases the risk of uncontrolled cell growth, leading to cancerous tumours such as lung cancer..

How does Smoking cause Cardiovascular Disease

Smoking reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood because carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin. This causes the heart to work harder, increasing heart rate and blood pressure, which can damage blood vessels and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

How does Smoking cause Asthma

Smoking early in life can damage developing lungs and irritate the airways, increasing the risk of asthma. This can cause inflammation and tightening of the muscles around the airways, making it harder to breathe.

How does Alcohol cause Cancer

Alcohol consumption can increase the risk of several cancers because when alcohol is metabolised it produces a toxic chemical that can damage DNA in cells. This damage can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of cancerous tumours.

How does Alcohol cause Liver Disease

Alcohol is filtered through the liver, and excessive consumption can cause inflammation and scarring of liver tissue. Over time, this can lead to chronic liver disease such as cirrhosis.

How does Obesity cause Cardiovascular Disease

Obesity increases strain on the heart, raising blood pressure and damaging blood vessels, which increases the risk of heart attack and stroke.

How does Obesity cause Arthritis.

Excess weight places extra pressure on joints such as the hips and ankles, which wears down cartilage. This causes the bones to rub together, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.

How does Low Fibre intake cause Colorectal Cancer

Fibre adds bulk to faeces and helps move waste through the digestive system more efficiently, which can reduce the time harmful substances stay in the gut and lower the risk of abnormal or cancerous cell development.

How does Low Fibre intake cause Type 2 Diabetes

Fibre slows the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream, helping to keep blood sugar levels stable. This reduces strain on the pancreas to produce insulin and can help protect against type 2 diabetes.

How does excessive Fat Consumption cause Obesity

Overconsumption of fatty foods that are not used for energy is stored in the body as fat. Continued excess intake can lead to weight gain over time.

How does excessive Fat Consumption cause Type 2 Diabetes

Excess fat intake can lead to weight gain and insulin resistance, causing the pancreas to work harder to produce insulin, which increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes.

Types of Fat

Bad: trans + saturated Good: monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

How does excessive Sugar Consumption cause Obesity

Sugars provide energy, but when consumed in excess they are stored as fat in the body, which can lead to weight gain and obesity over time.

How does excessive Sugar Consumption cause Dental Cavities

Sugar provides a food source for bacteria in the mouth. These bacterias produces acids that contribute to tooth decay.

How does excessive Salt Consumption cause Hypertension

High levels of sodium draws fluid out of the cells into the bloodstream. Increasing the amount of blood in the vessels placing added strain on the heart and blood pressure.

How does excessive Salt Consumption cause Osteoporosis

xcess sodium is filtered through the kidneys and can increase calcium loss in urine. Over time, this can reduce bone mineral density and contribute to osteoporosis.