ATI TEAS 7 Science

Level of organization-Human Body

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

A cell is

Basic unit of life

Cell example

muscle cell

Tissue example

muscle tissue

organ example

heart

Organ System example

cardiovascular system

Organism example

human body

Cell definition

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of the body

Nucleus function

Controls the cell and contains DNA

Mitochondria function

Produces ATP (energy). Mighty energy

Ribosomes function

Makes proteins

Rough ER function

Makes and transports proteins

Smooth ER function

lipid production and detoxification

Golgi apparatus function

Modifies, packages, and ships proteins. The post office

Lysosomes function

break down waste and damaged components. The clean-up crew

Cell membrane function

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Cytoplasm function

Area where chemical reactions occur

Centrioles Function

organize DNA during cell division

Nucleus contains

DNA

The cell membrane is?

selectively permeable, meaning it controls what enters and leaves the cell

Passive transport

does not require ATP

Diffusion

Particles move from higher concentration to lower concentration. This requires no ATP

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

facilitated diffusion

Particles move from high to low concentration with help from membrane proteins

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference, from low to high.

passive transport

no energy required

active transport

requires ATP

Mitosis

Produces 2 genetically identical cells. Used for growth, repair, and replacement of cells

Mitosis phases

PMAT

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Please make another taco

Meiosis

produces sex cells/gametes

Produces 4 genetically different cells

Used for sperm production and egg production

DNA contains

the body's genetic information

DNA is made from nucleotides containing

Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous base

DNA bases

A,T,C,G (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)

DNA base pairing

A-T (apple on the tree)

G-C (car in the garage)

Genes definition

a segment of DNA that determines a trait or protein

Chromosomes- Human usually have

46 Chromosomes=23 pairs

One set comes from each biological parent

epithelial tissue

Covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body.

epithelial tissue examples

skin, lining of organs, lining of blood vessels

connective tissue

Supports, binds, and protects other tissues.

Connective tissue examples

bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood

muscle tissue

A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.

Three types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

Nervous Tissue found in what body parts

brain, spinal cord, nerves

4 types of tissue and their jobs

epithelial-covering

connective-support

muscle-movement

nervous-communication

integumentary system includes

skin, hair, nails, glands

integumentary system functions

Protects the body

Helps regulate temperature

Provides sensation

Helps prevent water loss

Provides a barrier against pathogens

Helps produce vitamin D

Layers of skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin

Dermis

Inner layer of skin

Dermis contains

Blood vessels

Nerves

Hair follicles

Sweat glands

Sebaceous gland

Hypodermis

contains significant amounts of fat connective tissue beneath the skin

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints

skeletal system functions

Supports the body

Protects organs

Allows movement

Stores minerals

Produces blood cells

Bone Marrow

red bone marrow-produces blood cells

Bones serve as an important storage site for

calcium

Types of joints

Ball-and-socket

Hinge

Hinge joint examples

Allows primarily bending and straightening

elbow

knee

Ball-and-socket joint example

allows movement in many directions

shoulder

hip

Muscular system

enables movement of the body and internal organs

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle attached to bones.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in the heart.

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

nervous system

Controls communication throughout the body

Central Nervous System- CNS

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Neuron

A neuron is a specialized cell that transmits nerve signals

Parts of neuron

dendrites, cell body, axon

dendrites function

receive messages from other cells

Axon function

send signal from the neuron to the next cell

Cerebrum responsibilities

Thinking

Memory

Reasoning

Voluntary movement

Sensory processing

cerebellum responsibilities

Balance

Coordination

Fine motor control

Brainstem responsibilities

Controls many vital functions, including:

Breathing

Heart rate

Blood pressure

Endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

pituitary gland

Often called the "master gland" because it regulates several other endocrine glands.

thyroid

Produces hormones involved in regulating metabolism.

Pancreas

Produces

Insulin- decrease blood glucose

Glucagon- increases blood glucose

Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system consists primarily of:

Heart

Blood

Blood vessels

Heart chambers

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Blood flow through the heart

Body → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Body.

Ride side of the heart

Sends oxygen-poor blood towards the lungs

Left side of heart

Sends oxygen-rich blood to the body

arteries

Carry blood AWAY from the heart

Veins

Carry blood TOWARDS the heart

Capillaries

Tiny vessels where exchange occurs between blood and tissues

Red blood cells

Carry oxygen using hemoglobin.

White Blood Cells

Help defend against infection

Platelets

Help blood clot

Plasma

Liquid part of blood that carries cells and dissolved substances

Respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

Air pathway

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs

digestive system

body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

Digestive system pathway

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (or colon), and the anus

Stomach

Begins significant digestion of proteins and uses acid to help break down food and kill many microorganisms.

Small intestine

Most nutrient absorption occurs here.

Large intestine

Primarily absorbs:

Water and electrolytes

and forms/stores feces.

Liver functions

Produces bile

Processes nutrients

Detoxification

Stores glycogen

Gallbaldder function

store and concentrate bile

pancreas function

Produces:

Digestive enzymes

Insulin

Glucagon