Reproductive System

What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

It contains enzymes to penetrate the oocyte.

Which of the embryonic membranes develops into the fetal portion of the placenta?

Chorion

During the female reproductive cycle, what triggers menstruation?

A decrease in blood levels of estrogens and progesterone

In a nonpregnant female, what is the primary source of estrogens and progesterone?

Ovaries

At what stage of development does implantation occur?

Blastocyst

This structure guides the descent of the testes through the inguinal canal.

gubernaculum

Name the process that is illustrated in this figure.

Fertilization

Secretions from this structure contain fructose, providing energy for sperm cells.

Seminal Vesicles

What is the placental membrane and what is its role?

Layer through which nutrients and gases are exchanged between embryonic and maternal blood.

What is the definition of capacitation?

Weakening of the acrosomal membrane, conferring on the sperm the ability to fertilize an egg.

Which of the following is an action of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in males?

stimulate sustentacular cells to stimulate spermatogenesis

Produces Sperm Cells

Seminiferous tubules

Produces and secretes male sex hormones

Interstitial cells

Secretes an alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins

Seminal vesicle

Secretes a fluid with an enzyme (PSA) which helps liquefy semen

Prostate gland

Conveys sperm cells to ejaculatory duct

Ductus deferens

Conveys sperm cells to ductus deferens

Epididymis

What hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor?

Oxytocin

The granulosa cells of the secondary follicle enlarge to form which of the following?

Corpus luteum

Of the cells undergoing spermatogenesis, which have 46 chromosomes? 

Spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

Why is meiosis necessary?

Otherwise the fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material.

What occurs in the first step of oogenesis?

Primary oocyte divides to form a secondary oocyte and a first polar body.

How many sperm cells form from a primary spermatocyte?

4

Identify the structure marked with an X in the image below.

broad ligament

In the male, which of the following structures is unpaired?

Prostate gland

Which hormone stimulates ovulation?

LH (luteinizing hormone)

What hormone(s) is/are mainly responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics?

Estrogens

What is the correct sequence of stages during the cleavage period?

Zygote, morula, blastocyst, embryo

The hypothalamus releases which of the following hormones that impact the reproductive system?

GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)

What would be true of the newly formed sex cells in a person possessing a mutation that completely prevents crossover? 

The new cells would have less genetic variability because some chromosomes would only be entirely maternal and some would be entirely paternal.

What are some of the functions of testosterone? Check all that apply.

1. Formation and maintenance of penis, scrotum, and accessory organs

2. Increased muscular growth

3. Growth of hair, particularly on chest, face, axillary, and pubic region

What term refers to the continuous process of change during the life of an individual?

Development

What term describes the union of a sperm cell with a secondary oocyte?

Fertilization

What group of cells within a zygote are involved in the formation of the placenta?

Trophoblast

A man is exposed to a virus which specifically targets and kills sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells). What effect will this have on spermatogenesis?

Spermatogenic cells will starve and cease development because they won’t receive the nutrients or support they need.

On day 1 of the menstrual cycle, which of the following is correct?

The endometrial lining is thin, the follicle is starting to develop, and the levels of reproductive hormones are low.

At what point does an embryo become a fetus?

At about 8 weeks of development

What stimulates the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II?

When a sperm cell penetrates the oocyte membrane

Oogenesis is...

The production of immature oocytes in the ovary

What structure is indicated by the leader line(s)?

granulosa cells

Identify the structure indicated by letter C in the image below.

blastocyst

What structure is highlighted and marked by the leader line?

tunica albuginea of penis

What structure is indicated by the circle?

seminiferous tubule

 At the end of meiosis II, there are

four haploid cells, with each chromosome consisting of a single chromatid.

What structure is indicated by the leader line(s)?

endometrium

Identify the structure labeled H in the image below.

amnion

Identify the structure marked with an X in the image below.

seminal vesicle

Identify the tubular structure marked with an X in the image below.

ductus deferens

The exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids is called crossing-over and occurs during which phase of meiosis?

prophase I

Identify the structure circled in the image below. 

Ovary

The exchange of DNA between adjacent homologous chromatids is known as...

crossing over