Case forms

Accusative ending

-ı, -i, -u, -ü (-yı, -yi, -yu, -yü after a vowel). Used for a specific, definite object

Dative ending

-a, -e (-ya, -ye after a vowel). Meaning: to, toward

Locative ending

-da, -de, -ta, -te. Meaning: in, at, on

Ablative ending

-dan, -den, -tan, -ten. Meaning: from, out of

Two-way harmony (a or e)

Last vowel a, ı, o, u gives a. Last vowel e, i, ö, ü gives e

Four-way harmony (accusative)

a, ı gives ı. e, i gives i. o, u gives u. ö, ü gives ü

When does d become t?

Locative and ablative only, after f, s, t, k, ç, ş, h, p (FıSTıKÇı ŞaHaP)

Buffer y

Added before accusative and dative when the noun ends in a vowel (arabayı, arabaya)

Softening

p to b, ç to c, t to d, k to ğ before a vowel ending (kitabı, çocuğu)

Proper nouns

Add an apostrophe before the ending (Ankara'ya, Ahmet'i)

ev + accusative

evi (last vowel e, so i)

ev + ablative

evden (last vowel e, v keeps d)

okul + dative

okula (last vowel u, so a)

okul + locative

okulda (last vowel u, so a. l keeps d)

okul + accusative

okulu (last vowel u, so u)

kitap + locative

kitapta (p turns d into t)

kitap + accusative

kitabı (last vowel a, so ı. p softens to b)

kitap + dative

kitaba (p softens to b)

araba + dative

arabaya (ends in a vowel, so add y)

araba + accusative

arabayı (ends in a vowel, so add y. last vowel a, so ı)

araba + ablative

arabadan (no y needed for ablative)

çocuk + accusative

çocuğu (last vowel u, so u. k softens to ğ)

çocuk + dative

çocuğa (k softens to ğ)

çocuk + locative

çocukta (k turns d into t. no softening because the ending starts with a consonant)

göl + accusative

gölü (last vowel ö, so ü)

göl + locative

gölde (last vowel ö, so e)

kız + accusative

kızı (last vowel ı, so ı)

kız + dative

kıza (last vowel ı, so a)

park + locative

parkta (k turns d into t)

park + accusative

parkı (short word, k does not soften)

deniz + locative

denizde (last vowel i, so e. z keeps d)

deniz + accusative

denizi (last vowel i, so i)

oda + locative

odada (no y needed for locative)

oda + accusative

odayı (ends in a vowel, so add y)

kapı + accusative

kapıyı (ends in a vowel, so add y. last vowel ı, so ı)

kapı + dative

kapıya (ends in a vowel, so add y)

ağaç + ablative

ağaçtan (ç turns d into t)

ağaç + accusative

ağacı (ç softens to c)

sınıf + locative

sınıfta (f turns d into t)

sınıf + dative

sınıfa (last vowel ı, so a)

otel + locative

otelde (last vowel e, l keeps d)

market + locative

markette (last vowel e. t turns d into t)

market + ablative

marketten (last vowel e. t turns d into t)

köy + dative

köye (y counts as a consonant here, so no buffer)

köy + accusative

köyü (last vowel ö, so ü)

Ankara + dative

Ankara'ya (proper noun, apostrophe. ends in a vowel, so add y)

Ankara + locative

Ankara'da (proper noun, apostrophe)

Ahmet + accusative

Ahmet'i (proper noun, apostrophe. last vowel e, so i)

Ahmet + ablative

Ahmet'ten (t turns d into t)

İstanbul + ablative

İstanbul'dan (last vowel u, so a)