UNCO Human Anatomy

What is the scientific study of organism structures and the relationship between them?

Anatomy

Which field of study focuses on the functions of organs and how systems work?

Physiology

List the levels of structural organization in the human body, from smallest to largest.

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism

How is a tissue defined in terms of cell similarity and origin?

A group of similar cells with a common embryological origin

What are three substances secreted by the epithelial cells of the stomach?

Acid, enzymes, and mucus

How many different types of tissue must compose a structure for it to be defined as an organ?

Two or more

Which two tissue types primarily compose the heart?

Muscle and epithelial tissues

What type of tissue is the blood that the heart pumps?

Connective tissue

Which medical imaging technique uses conventional X-rays?

Radiography

What imaging technique involves “stacked” X-ray images converted into a 3D representation?

Computed tomography (CT scan)

What two tools are used in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to visualize blood flow or tumors?

A large magnet and radio waves

Which imaging technique utilizes sound waves to produce a sonogram?

Ultrasound

What term refers to a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA?

Gene

What term refers to the complete collection of all genes in an individual?

Genome

According to the central dogma of molecular biology, what is the flow of genetic information?

DNA → mRNA → protein

Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are polymers made of which monomers?

Nucleotides

Are carbohydrates typically hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophilic

What is the primary function of carbohydrates regarding energy?

Storage of chemical energy

Besides energy storage and structural roles, what are two other functions of carbohydrates?

Surface signals on cells and hormone-like roles

Are lipids and fats generally hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophobic