mgmt change Ch8

core technology

the work process that is directly related to the organization’s mission, such as teaching in a high school, medical services in a health clinic, or manufacturing

technnology

refers to the work processes, techniques, machines, and actions used to transform organizational inputs into outputs

noncore technology

a department work process that is important to the organization but is not directly related to its primary mission

The first and most influential study of manufacturing technology was conducted by ______ in ______ during _____s. what did she study?

Joan Woodward; Britain; 1950s; one size mgmt doesn’t fit all

technical complexity

the extent of machine-usage in the manufacturing process. High technical complexity means most of the work is performed by machines. Low technical complexity means workers play a larger role in the production process.

Woodward scale Group I: small-batch and unit production

small order assmebly to meet specific customer needs; relies heavily on the human operator (BAG CRAFTSMEN and AMAZON)

Woodward scale Group II: large-batch and mass production

characterized by long production runs of standardized parts. Output often goes into inventory from which orders are filled because customers do not have special needs (CARS)

Woodward scale Group III: continuous process procuction

whole process is mechanized with no starting or stopping. (CHEMICAL PLANTS, REFINERIES, PHARMACEUTICALS)

smart factory

computer-guided machines handle many of the routine tasks and factory plants are digitally connected to one another and to suppliers and customers in a digital supply chain network.

Computer-aided design (CAD)

Computers are used to assist in the drafting, design, and engineering of new parts (THEY ARE THE CREATING TOOL)

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

Computer-controlled machines in materials handling, fabrication, production, and assembly greatly increase the speed at which items can be manufactured

mass customization

using mass-production technology to quickly and cheaply assemble goods that are uniquely designed to fit the demands of individual customers

high reliability organization (HRO)

developed techniques to manage highly complex and potentially hazardous technologies in a safe and reliable manner

HRO og research based on

US navy nuclear operation, US air traffic control, nuclear power station

service firm

accomplishes primary purpose through the production and provision of services, such as education, healthcare, social networking, transportation, entertainment, banking, and tourism

service technology provides

intangible output

service firms are ___ and _____ intensive

labor; knowledge

variety

the frequency of unexpected and novel events that occur in the conversion process

analyzability

work can be reduced to mechanical steps and participants can follow an objective, computational procedure to solve problems

Routine technologies

little task variety and the use of objective, computational procedures; FORMALIZED & STANDARDIZED

Craft technologies

stable stream of activities, but the conversion process is not analyzable or well understood; ex: fasion design, steel makers, tv writers

Engineering technologies

complex because there is substantial variety in the tasks performed. However, the various activities are usually handled with established formulas and procedures; ex: engineering and accounting

Nonroutine technologies

high task variety, and the conversion process is not analyzable or well understood

Pooled interdependence

lowest form; work does not flow between units, but all contributes to org success

mediating technology

provides products or services that mediate or link clients from the external environment; most common with POOLED INTERDEPENDENCE

sequential interdependence

parts produced in one department becoming inputs to another department

long-linked technology

the combination in one organization of successive stages of production; each stage of production uses as its inputs the production of the preceding stage and produces inputs for the following stage; SEQUENTIAL INTERDEPENDENCE

reciprocal interdependence

when the output of operation A is the input to operation B, and the output of operation B is the input back again to operation A

intensive technologies

provides a variety of products or services in combination with a client; RECIPROCAL INDEPENDENCE