BHN Nutrition Exam

what did people feed their pets a long time ago

table scraps and wild forage

what are the 4 factors that animal nutrition is based on

life stage, exercise, pregnancy and lactation, disease status

how can a cheaper bag of food actually cost more in the long run

fewer kcals per cup so they have to feed more, less nutritionally balanced so may cause health problems

The science which involves the various chemical and physiological activities necessary to transform food elements into body elements

nutrition

Any substrate, solid or liquid, that, when ingested provides:

Energy for movement and heat production

Materials for growth, repair, and reproduction

Substrates necessary to initiate and regulate the above processes

food

the daily supply of food to an animal

ration

a mixture of foodstuffs used to supply nutrients over time

diet

any disorder of nutrition with inadequate or unbalanced nutrition. Deficiencies, toxicity, obesity

malnutrition

at its most basic, food is BLANK and dry matter, and BLANK and organic matter

water, ash

nutrients that the body can’t make on its own or can’t make enough of it to maintain health, must be supplied in the diet

essential nutrients

what are two examples of essential nutrients for cats

taurine and arginine

nutrients that the body is capable of supplying a sufficient amount of

nonessential nutrients

what’s an example of a nonessential nutrient

vitamin D

nonessential nutrients are made by the body. they can also be supplemented in the diet, but beware of BLANK

toxicity

how much of the earth is considered farmable land

10%

most animal feed is derived from BLANK

grain

true or false: food must be broken down in order for smaller components to be absorbed

true

true or false: plant material is easier to break down than meat

false

what are the 3 diet types

carnivore, omnivore, herbivore

which diet type has a short and simple digestive tract

carnivore

which diet type has long, large, bulky digestive tract

herbivore

which diet type has intermediately long tracts with a cecum like herbivores

omnivores

what are the 2 basic types of digestive systems

ruminant and non-ruminant

true ruminants have how many chambers in the stomach

4

what are 4 animal examples of true ruminants

cows, goats, sheep, deer

pseudoruminants have how many stomach chambers

3

what group of animals are pseudoruminants

camelids

what thing in the rumen breaks down food

microbes

nonruminant animals have how many stomach chambers

1

nonruminant animals have what in the stomach to help break down food

enzymes and acids

what are the 2 forms of food digestion

mechanical and chemical

what is mechanical digestion of food

chewing, segmentation muscle contractions

what is chemical digestion of food

enzymes and acids breaking down food

digestive enzymes end in these two suffixes

-ase and -in

give 3 examples of digestive enzymes

rennin, salivary amylase, sucrase

what are the 6 stages of digestion

ingestion, mastication, digestion, segmentation, absorption, elimination

stage of digestion- acquiring food and bringing it into the mouth

ingestion

stage of digestion- chewing food and mixing with saliva

mastication

stage of digestion- prep of food for absorption by breaking it down through mechanical and chemical forces

digestion

stage of digestion- Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of circular smooth muscle to agitate the ingesta and break it apart

segmentation

stage of digestion- Transfer of small molecules from the lumen of the GI tract through mucosal cells and into the bloodstream

absorption

stage of digestion- The expulsion or excretion of unusable material and waste product from the GI tract

elimination

what are the structures of the GI tract in order

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, cecum, colon, rectum, anus

where does gut fermentation occur for these herbivores: cow, goat, sheep, deer

rumen

where does gut fermentation occur for these herbivores- rabbits, guinea pigs

cecum

where does gut fermentation occur for this herbivore- horses

hindgut

which part of the horse hindgut is this: A large, comma-shaped "blind sac" that acts as the primary vats for initial microbial fermentation and water absorption.

cecum

which group of animals can synthesize their own b vitamins

ruminants

true or false: birds lack teeth but still produce saliva

true

what are the parts of the bird GI tract

crop, proventriculus, ventriculus, small intestine, large intestine

which part of the bird GI tract stores food as it softens

crop

which part of the bird GI tract secretes pepsin and HCL, and is the glandular stomach

proventriculus

which part of the bird GI tract is aka the gizzard and is a muscular structure that grinds and crushes food

ventriculus

which part of the bird GI tract absorbs nutrients

small intestine

which part of the bird GI tract has ceca that helps break down fiber, and waste is eliminated through the cloaca

large intestine

what is the most important nutrient

water

most water ingestion comes from BLANK and BLANK

drinking and eating

list 3 ways animals lose water

urination, perspiration, secretions

loss of water also means loss of BLANK

electrolytes

over-administration of IV fluids or renal failure can cause THIS. kidneys can’t compensate. symptoms include coughing, wet lung sounds, nasal discharge

water toxicity

THIS happens when water loss exceeds water intake

dehydration

Most species can tolerate up to BLANK% dehydration before being adversely affected, but camelids can tolerate up to BLANK% dehydration in short periods

8%, 30%

general math rule for water intake requirement

1 ounce of water per each pound of body weight per day

a 73 pound dog needs how many ounces of water per day

73

what are some examples of things that influence water intake

habitat, drinking habits, body size, salt intake

true or false: animals consuming more protein need more water for proper kidney filtration

true

what are macronutrients

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

what is classed as sugars, starches, and cellulose and is made of a chain of saccharides

carbohydrates

true or false: fiber is a type of lipid

false, fiber is a type of carbohydrate

what is often used as immediate sources of energy

carbohydrates

name 3 carbohydrate conditions

diabetes mellitus, ketoacidosis, ruminal acidosis

what is essential to life processes and made of peptides

protein

name 2 protein functions

muscle building and hormones

what does “bioavailability” of proteins mean

percentage of protein digested and absorbed

name 3 clinical signs of protein deficiency

poor growth, anorexia, decreased production of milk and eggs

what are a concentrated energy source that is insoluble in water and made of fatty acid chains

lipids

what is usually caused by diet, results in increased adipose tissue, and can lead to vitamin concentration issues

lipid toxicity

name 3 effects of lipid deficiency

weight loss, impaired wound healing, dermatitis

still need to do micro and pet foods lecture