A&P II - Exam 2

Cardiovascular continued...

Cardiac Pathophysiology

Deals with diseases and disorders that affect the heart.

Coronary Artery Disease

Major blood vessels supplying the heart become narrowed or blocked by plaque buildup

Coronary Arteries supply blood to where?

The myocardium

Plaque consists of what?

Oxidized cholesterol

LDL

Bad cholesterol

What are some plaque generators?

Smoking, added sugars, etc.

What is Angina Pectoris a warning of?

Partially blocked arteries

Angina Pectoris

Upper chest pain

Myocardial Infarction (MI) or (Heart Attack)

Heart Tissue Death

What is Ischemia?

Tissue starving for oxygen and nutrients due to DECREASED blood flow

Inflammation is a big contributor for what?

Plaque formation

Inflammation can be caused by what?

Sedentary Lifestyle (no movement), poor diet, smoking, genetics, and hypertension.

What do Vasodilatiors do?

Make vessels larger/bigger.

What is an Angioplasty (PCTA)?

When a stent it put in

How many chambers are there in the Cardiac Cycle?

4

How many pumps are in the Cardiac Cycle?

2 Pumps

1 pump = Atria

1 pump = Ventricles

What is systole?

CONTRACTION of the ventricles

What is Diastole?

RELAXATION of the ventricles

What is the first sound of the Heart?

Lub (closure of AV valves)

What is the second sound of the Heart?

Dup (closure of semilunar valves)

The Opening sound of the Heart is what?

SILENT!

What can you also hear in the Heart sounds?

Turbulent blood flow (swishing sound)

What is a Heart Murmur?

An extra heart sound

A special nerve called what connects your brain to your heart?

Cranial Nerve 10 (X)

What does a Depolarization Wave do?

Makes cardiac muscles MORE likely to contract

What does Repolarization Wave do?

Makes cardiac muscle LESS likely to contract

Most of your heart is controlled by what?

Parasympathetic Division of ANS

ANS stands for?

Autonomic Nervous System

Parasympathetic means?

“Rest and Digest”

Parasympathetic tries to what?

DECREASE your heart rate

What are Nodal Cells?

Cardiac Muscle Cells with special electrical abilities.

What is the Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) connected to?

Directly connected to the brain stem.

What is the “Pace Maker” of the heart?

The Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

The Floor/Base of the Right Atrium is what?

The Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

The signal from the SA Node is what, before being sent to the rest of the heart?

DELAYED

What is the Atrioventricular Bundle (AV Bundle)?

ONLY electrical connection between AV Node and Bundle Branches (Atria and Ventricles)

Where are the Bundle Branches Located?

In the Interventricular System

Why do the Bundles Split?

They split the electrical signal to contract so it can reach BOTH ventricles

What does the Subendocardial Conduction Network do?

Distributes the electrical signal to the walls of the ventricles

Sa Nodes can be affected by what?

Body Temp (Hyperthermic, Hypothermic), Electrolytes in blood, and Certain Drugs

What kind of electrolytes do we have in our blood? that can affected SA Nodes?

Na+, K+, Ca+

What drugs can affect SA Nodes?

Over the counter, prescribed, actual drugs- like cocaine, meth, heroine, etc.

What is Hyperthermic?

High body temp, makes heart rate go UP

What is Hypothermic?

Low body temp, makes heart rate go DOWN

What is Bradycardia?

Slow heart rate, resting of less than 60 bpm, good if you are well condition (string heart), bad if you are not well conditioned (weak heart)

What is Tachycardia?

Fast/Speedy heart rate, resting of more than 100 bpm, NOT good, heart is working TOO HARD.

When does Tachycardia occur?

Tachycardia does NOT occur when active like most people think, ONLY when resting which is why it is abnormal.

What can Sinus Rhythm be treated with?

“Beta Blockers”

What does an Electrocardiograph do?

Measures electrical activity of the heart.

What us ab Electrocardiograph also known as?

ECG/EKG

What happens in a P Wave?

The Atria is electrically preparing to contract (Atria Depolarization)

What happens in the QRS Complex?

The Ventricles are electrically preparing to contract (Ventricular Depolarization)

What happens in a T Wave?

Ventricles electrically recover from contraction (Ventricular Repolarization)

What is Cardiac Output? (CO) ⭐️⭐️

The volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle per minute.

What is the “equation” for Cardiac Output? ⭐️⭐️

= SV x HR

What is SV? ⭐️⭐️

Stroke Volume - The volume of blood ejected by Left ventricle in One Contraction

What is HR? ⭐️⭐️

Heart Rate

What in the average Stroke Volume (SV) for Males and Females?

Male: 75-80 mL, sometimes even higher

Female: 70 mL

What can Stroke Volume (SV) be affected by?

Disease, exercise, preload

What is Preload? ⭐️⭐️

The degree to which ventricles are stretched PRIOR to contraction

SA Node ⭐️⭐️

Sets the pace for the heart

Where is the Cardiac Center found? ⭐️⭐️

In the Medulla Oblongata

Where is the Medulla Oblongata?

In the Brain Stem

What does the Medulla Oblongata to do your heart rate in Sympathetic and Parasympathetic? ⭐️⭐️

Sympathetic: HR HIGH

Parasympathetic: HR LOW

What can the SA Node be affected by? ⭐️⭐️

Body Temp, Meds/Drugs, Electrolytes, Disease, Activity Level, Hormones

What are the Categories of Blood Vessel Anatomy?

1. Arteries

2. Arterioles

3. Capillaries

4. Venules

5. Veins

What are the 3 Layers of the Vessel Wall Structure?

1. Tunica Intima (deepest layer), Endothelium (epithelium)

2. Tunica Media (middle layer), Smooth Muscle

3. Tunia Externa (outer layer), Fibrous Connective Tissue

What is an Aneurism?

BULGING of an artery

Is an Aneurism good or bad?

ALWAYS BAD!!!

What do Arteries do?

Carry blood AWAY from the heart

Why do Arteries have THICK muscular walls?

Because they carry HIGH blood pressure

Arteries are very what?

Elastic

Arterioles have LOWER what?

Blood pressure, because of thinner walls

Arterioles are very what?

DYNAMIC

What is Vasodilation?

Vessels expand, making it EASIER for blood to flow through?

What is Vasoconstriction?

Vessel constriction, making it HARDER for blood to pass through

What has the most influence on blood pressure?

ARTERIOLES!!! (when healthy)

Arteries and Arterioles can become what?

Diseased

What is the beginning of the Disease Process?

Artherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis when oxidized contributes to what?

PLAQUES

The later stage of the Disease Process is what?

Arteriosclerosis

What is Arteriosclerosis?

The Hardening of Arteries

What is Arteriosclerosis a high risk for?

Heart Attack (MI) abdominal Stroke

Capillaries have the smallest what?

Diameter vessels

Capillaries only have what?

TUNICA INTIMA (Endothelium)

How many cell layers does Endothelium have?

ONE (Simple Squamous Epithelium)

Capillaries are the what of exchange?

SITE OF EXCHANGE!!!!!!!!!!!!

Capillaries are fed by what?

Ateriole

Capillaries are drained by what?

A Venule

Capillaries occur in groups called what?

Networks/Beds/Plexuses

Capillaries have Valves called what?

PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTER

What is a Sphincter?

A circular band of muscle

When WHAT, blood flows through capillary bed?

OPEN

When WHAT, blood will bypass capillary bed?

CLOSED

Capillaries allow you to what the amount of blood flowing to a tissue?

Precisely Regulate

What is Edema?

Too much fluid in your system (lymphatic system)

What do Venules/Veins do?

Carry blood TOWARDS the heart

Venules what capillary beds?

Drain

Venules what to form veins?

Merge

Walls has 3 layers, but walls are WHAT than Ateries and Aterioles?

THINNER