Knes 237 midterm 2

True or false: enriched wheat flour is the same as whole wheat flour

False

What are simple carbohydrates made up of?

monosaccharides and disaccharides

What are monosaccharides?

glucose, fructose, galactose (only monosachwides are absorbed in the stream)

What carbohydrate is absorbed into the blood stream?

Monosachorides

What are disaccharides?

Two monosacharias joined by a covalent bond (sucrose, maltose,lactose)

What are simple sugars?

monosaccharides and disaccharides

What is the source of most simple sugars?

Plants, few made by animals

What is the health risk of simple sugars?

Rapidly absorbed into blood stream, increased insulin resistance and inflammation

What is sucrose?

glucose + fructose
Most widely used natural sugar
Sourced from cane sugar and beet sugar

What is maltose?

glucose + glucose
Formed from the partial break down of starch
Found in malt beverages

What is lactose?

glucose + galactose
Milk sugar
One of only animal sugars

What are complex carbohydrates made up of?

Oligosacharides (most 3 monosacheride units) and polysacchrides cup to 1000's)

What are oligosaccharides?

Short chars of monosaccharides joined by bonds that cannot be broken by human enzymes (fibre source)
Fructans and galacto-oligosaccharudes

What are some examples of oligosacchride sources?

Garlic, onions, wheat , inulin , artichokes, bears, lentils, chickpeas

What are polysaccharides?

Long chains of monosaccharides joined by bonds (some digestable and some not )
Glycogen, starch, and cellulose

What are some examples of polysaccharide sources?

Potato, rice, pasta, corn, cereal, bread, apple peel, seeds, nuts

What are the three primary nutritional polysacherides?

Glycogen, starch, cellulose

What is glycogen?

Energy storage in animals (digestable)

What is starch?

Energy storage in plants (digestable)

What is cellulose?

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many plants (non digestable, dietary fiber)

What happens to fibre in the colon?

Bacterial enzymes can break down fiber to form short chain fatty acids and gas as byproduct. Fiber feeds our gut microbiota

What are the roles of gut microbiota?

-Harvest energy from dietary fiber
-produce vitamins
-train immune system
-suppress growth of pathogens
-intestinal motility and functions
-drug metabolism
-affect mood and behaviour

What diseases in the brain are affected by gut microbiota?

Anxiety, depression, autism, Parkinson's disease

What diseases in the liver are affected by gut microbiota?

Obesity, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease

What diseases in the intestines are affected by gut microbiota?

Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis

What pathogens are affected by got microbiota?

C diff

What type of foods help support microbiota?

High finer, whole, natural foods

How does early antibiotic use relate to type I diabetes?

Certain bacteria, when present in early life can strengthen immuneresponse and prevent type I diabetes. These bacteria can be killed by antibiotics

Why should we consume whole grain foods?

-Outer bran- layer is a rich source of dietary fiber
-germ contains protein, unsaturated fats, themin, niacin, riboflavin, iron, and other nutrients
-bran and germ are removed in refining process (making white flour) leaving endosperm which primarily contains starch, the storage form of glucose in plants

Why is solvable finer good?

Slows down glucose absorption and reduces fat and cholesterol absorption

Where is solvable fiber found?

Oats, barley, psyllium

What is calorie difference between fiber and digestable carbohydrates?

Finer has 1-2 kcal /g compared to other carbs which have 4kcal/g

What is an example from class where we saw a source of psyllium?

Kellogg all bran buds

What is an example from class where we saw a source of beta-glucan?

Oats

What are the benefits of insoluable fiber?

Moves bulk though gut
Controls gut ph
Removes toxic waste
Prevents constpation

Where is insoluable fiber found?

Wheat bran, seeds, nuts

How does the body manage glucose?

1. Blood glucose rises when you eat.
2. High blood glucose stimulates pancreas to release insulin.
3. Insulin stimulates uptake of glucose into cells and storage as
glycogen in liver and muscle. It also helps convert excess glucose into fat stores.
4. As body cells use glucose, blood levels decline.
5. Low blood glucose stimulates pancreas to release glucagon.
6. Glucagon stimulates liver cells to break down glycogen and
release glucose into blood.
7. Blood glucose begins to rise.

Tre or false: food labels distinguish between sugar naturally occurring in food and added sugars

False

What is an issue with added sugars?

Added sugars add calories without adding nutrients

What is the new rule about sugars on food labels?

Producers used to separate the different types of sugars on the ingredients list to make it look like there was less, now they must add all sugars together

What are three downsides to sugar?

Tooth decay, empty calories, often mixed with fats in sweets

how many calories do alcohol sugars have?

2.6 kcal/g

What is a possible problem with sugar alternatives?

Not well absorbed in the gut; large mounts can cause diarrhea

What did initial studies of stevia conclude?

Cause of reproductive renal and cardiovascular toxicity

What is aspartame?

A dipeptide who's digestion releases methanol, aspartic acid, and phenylalanine.it is 200 times sweeter than sugar

Why do products with aspartame come with a warning about containing phenylalanine?

People with PKU can not metabolize phenylalanine and it can build up and cause brain damage

Is aspartame computable with high temperatures?

No, it is not stable when over 30 degrees

What is sucralose?

artificial sweetener, brand name Splenda
Made from chlorinated sugar (can no longer be absorbed so no cals)
600X sweater then sugar
Safe when heated

When is acesulfame K used?

Often used in combination with other artificial

Stable at high temperatures

When was saccharin discovered?

1879 by accident by a chemist

Why was saccharine initialy band in Canada?

Due to bladder cancer fears found in rats

What promotes tooth decay?

Sticky foods, acidic beverages, excessive cleaning, nursing bottle syndrome

What prevents tooth decay?

Cheese, protein and low cal sweeteners

What is gestational diabetes?

diabetes during pregnancy

What is type I diabetes?

Insulin dependent diabetes
Typically diagnosed before 40, abruptly

How is type I diabetes treated?

Insulin, diet, and exercise

What is type 2 diabetes?

Non-insulin dependent
Lifestyle related

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

Weight reduction

What a sypintons of poorly controlled or untreated diabetes?

Blurred vision
Frequent urination
Weight loss
Increased susceptibility to infection
Slow healing sores
Extreme hunger and thirst

What a long term health consequences of diabetes?

Heart disease and stroke
Kidney damage (nephropathy)
Blindness (retinopathy)
Nerve damage (neuropathy)
Loss of limbs due to poor circulation
Alzheimer's disease

What is insulin?

Pancreatic hormone that reduces blood glucose

How does insulin work?

Facilitates passage of glucose into cells

Whet occurs with low/no insulin?

Cell starvation

Who is most susceptible to gestational diabetes?

Indigenous and black women, women with obesity, women over 35, women with low physical activity

What side effects can gestational diabetes cause for the baby?

Increed body fat at birth, blood glucose control problems/greaterrisk of diabetes later in life, abnormalities that thaten survival and quality of life

What is type I diabetes?

Auto immune disease that decoys pancreatic cells that produce insulin

Are genetics or environmental factors more important in, predicting type I diabetes?

Environmental factors

How is type I diabetes manvoyed?

Insulin injections, diet, exercise

Who usually gets type 2 diabetes?

Individuals with overweight or obesity and sedentary lifestyle

Does type 2 diabetes have a Strong genetic component?

Yes

Are individuals with type 2 diabetes insulin deficient or insulin resistant?

Insulin resistant

What is prediabetes?

Term used to describe condition where glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Increased risk of type 2 diabetes

What are risk factors for insulin resistance?

Obesity, low physical activity levels, genetics

What his a lower glycol index, quick oats or steel cut oats?

Steel cut oats

Why is alcohol consider a food and a drug?

Food because made of carbs, drug because it modifies various body functions

What are the possible positive benefits of alcohol?

Moderate consumption (may) protect from heart
Increase HDL
May protect against type 2 diabetes and ischemic stroke
Red wine pigments act as antioxidant to inhibit blood clot formation
May decrease LDL ability to stick to plaques

What are the possible negative effects of alcohol?

Alcoholism
Alcohol poisoning
Increased breast cancer risk
High bp
Etc
Increased risk taking

What is FASD?

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Encompasses a range of physical anol developmental effects on offspring resulting from alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Includes FAS, ARND, ARBD

What is FAS?

fetal alcohol syndrome

What is ARND?

alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder
Intellectual disabilities and problems with behaviour and learning

What is ARBD?

alcohol related birth defects
Problems with heart, kidneys,bones, or hearing

What is considered I standard drink?

1.5oz distilled liquor
5oz wine
12oz beer

How does alcohol work?

Requires no digestion 10%, absorbed across empty stomach wall, reach brain in 1 min if stomach empty

How does The body handle alcohol?

Rapidly absorbed in stomach and small intestine remains in blood and body tissue until broken down by liver, remits in body until eliminates

Why do women have lower alcohol tolerances then men?

Women home love amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase
Women have more body fat and less body watersalchol is dispersedin body water so women each pear blood alcohol concentrators faster
Women also he lower blood volume

What 3 things determine blood alcohol concentrations?

1)a mount of alcohol consumed
2)presence or absence of food
3)rate of alcohol metabolism

What 3 things increase the rate of alcohol absorption?

1) concentration of alcohol in the beverage
2) carbonation
3) empty stomach

What 2 things slow down The rate of alcohol absorption?

1) eating before drinking
2) diluting drinks with water of fruit juice

What is the impaired driving limit?

0.08

What happens at a blood alcohol level of 0.08-0.1?

Impairment of all driving skills, coordination, balance & speech

What hoppers at blood alcohol level of 0,13?

Severe slurred speech, double vision, dulled reflex vomiting

What happens at blood alcohol level grater than 0.35%?

Loss of censoriousness, alcohol poisoning, death

How many drinks per hour can the liver process?

one

What are the 3 stages of liver damage due to alcohol?

1) fatty liver- fate accumulation
2)fibrosis- liver cells die and form scar tissue
3) cirrhosis- damage least reversible

How does alcohol affect behaviour?

Depresses the behavioral inhibitory centerers
Slows down the processing of information from the senses
Inhibits thought process

True or false: alwalk will help you get sober

False, muscles can't metabolize alcohol, only he liver only time will help

True or false: a cup of coffee will help you yet sober

False, stimulant won't sped up metabolism of alcohol

How does alcohol interact with other drugs?

Negatively, competes for detoxification system in the liver and drug builds up

What is type I alcoholism?

Occurs offer the age of 25, and is generally environmental and genetic in origin

What is type 2 alcoholism?

Typically genetic and occurs with early exposure a(drinks to induce euphoria)