Medical Terminology unit 2 terms 8th period Samir Vora

Everything Abdominal Divisions+

Quadrant Method

divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four nonspecific quarters using imaginary horizontal and vertical lines that intersect at the umbilicus (belly button). The terms refer to the left and right side of the patient’s body, not the left and right side from another person’s viewpoint.

Right Upper Quadrant RUQ

contains the liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of the pancreas, and portions of the small and large intestines.

Left Upper Quadrant LUQ

contains the liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, and parts of the small and large intestines.

Right Lower Quadrant RLQ

contains parts of the small and large intestines, the appendix, the right ureter, the right side of the bladder, and the right-side of reproductive organs (like right ovary, right fallopian tube, and right-side of the uterus in females).

Left Lower Quadrant LLQ

contains portions of the small and large intestines, the left ureter, the left side of the bladder, and the left-side of reproductive organs (like left ovary, left fallopian tube, and left-side of the uterus in females).

Abdominal regions

are another, and more precise, method for dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into nine sections like a tic-tac-toe grid. Again, references to right and left refer to the patient’s right and left.

“right hypochondriac region”

Upper right

“left hypochondriac region”

Upper left

“epigastric (EP-ih-GAS-trik) region”

Upper center

“right lumbar (LUM-bar) region”

Middle right

“left lumbar (LUM-bar) region”

Middle left

“Umbilical (um-BIL-ih-kuhl) region” near the umbilicus, or belly

Middle Center

“Right iliac region” or “right inguinal (ING-gwih-nuhl) region”

Lower Right

“Left iliac region” or “left inguinal (ING-gwih-nuhl) region”

Lower Left

“Hypogastric (HIGH-po-GAS-trik) region” or “pelvic region”

Lower center

Sitting

The patient sits unsupported with her feet flat on the floor. The sitting position is used for physical exams of the head, neck, chest, back, eating or swallowing, and to ease difficulty breathing.

Supine

The patient lies flat on his back with extended legs and arms at sides. The supine position is used for physical assessments of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, and extremities, diagnostic imaging, and procedures requiring access to the anterior body.

Prone

The patient lies flat on his stomach with hips flexed, legs extended, and head turned to one side. The prone position is used for neck, back, and spinal surgeries, and to improve oxygenation in critically ill patients with severe respiratory failure.

Lithotomy

The patient lies on her back with hips and knees flexed, legs elevated and supported in stirrups, and thighs apart. The lithotomy position is commonly used for gynecologic reasons like pelvic exams, vaginal ultrasounds, hysterectomies, and childbirth, but it can also be used for urologic procedures.

Lateral:

The patient lies on one side of his body with hip and knee flexed. This side-lying position is used to relieve pressure on the back and heels, to prevent choking while unconscious, to allow access for hip surgeries, and for comfort. Pregnant women are advised to sleep in the left-lateral position.

Sim’s

This is a left-side lying position where the patient’s lower arm is extended behind the patient, and the upper arm is flexed in front of the patient at the shoulder and elbow. Both legs are flexed at the hip and knee, but the upper leg is more acutely flexed at the knee. The Sim’s position is used for rectal exams and procedures, perineal exams, to prevent choking while unconscious, and for comfort.

Semi-Fowler’s

The patient lies with the head of the bed elevated 30-45 degrees and legs extended. The semi-Fowler’s position is used for comfort, to ease breathing and promote lung expansion, to reduce the risk of aspiration during tube feedings, and to reduce strain after abdominal surgery.

High-Fowler’s

The patient lies with the head of bed elevated to 60-90 degrees and legs extended. The high-Fowler’s position is used to ease respiratory distress, prevent aspiration during meals, assist with tube feedings or insertion of nasogastric tube, and for certain exams and imaging studies.

Knee-Chest

The patient kneels and lowers his shoulders so his face and chest rest on the exam table. The knee-chest position is primarily used for rectal exams and some lower spine surgeries. A modified knee-chest position can be obtained by patients lying on their left side and pulling their knees to their chest.

Trendelenburg

The patient lies flat on his back with the head of bed lowered 15-30 degrees below the feet. The Trendelenburg position improves surgical access to pelvic and lower abdominal organs by using gravity. It was historically used to treat shock and hypovolemia, but this is no longer a routine practice.

Reverse Trendelenburg

The patient lies flat on his back with the head of bed raised 15-30 degrees above the feet. Reverse Trendelenburg reduces blood flow and pressure to the head, prevents acid reflux, and helps surgeons visualize upper abdominal organs.

Orthopneic

The patient in a sitting position leans his body forward with arms propped over the bed table, pillows, or his knees. This eases respiratory effort by pulling abdominal organs away from the diaphragm, allowing maximum chest expansion, and engaging accessory muscles in the neck and shoulders.

Homeostasis

A stable internal environment of physiological balance, despite changes inside or outside the body. EX: Temperature regulation, regulation of blood glucose, and maintaining fluid balance.

Cytology

The study of the formation, structure and the function of cells

Organelles

Specialized structures that enable specific functions

Cell Membrane/Plasma membrane

Separates the cell from the external environment, and acts as a selective semipermeable membrane.

Nucleus

Controls the cell

Cytoplasm

A semifluid material between the nucleus and cell membrane, where chemical reactions occur.

Electrolytes

Are compounds made up of charged particles called ions. IOns conduct electrical currents in water or cytoplasm.

Cations

Positively charged ions that create acids

Anions

negatively charged ions that create bases. Bases react with acids to form salts.

The PH

Measures the presence of acids and bases. Cells and tissues function at different PH levels and cant function properly if a normal Ph balance is not maintained.

Muscle Cells

long, slender cells within muscle tissue. They allow muscles to contact and relax.

Epithelial cells

flat, square cells covering the skin and lining the digestive tract and hollow organs.

Fat Cells

Contai large, empty spaces to store fat.

Nerve Cells

tend to be long with fibrous extensions to carry nerve impulses.

Blood Cells

vary in size and shape according to their function.

Sex Cells

The ovum (female sex cell) is the largest cell in the body. The sperm (male sex cell) is the smallest.

mitosis

Cell division strategy, in which results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

Produces gametes (unmature sex cells) which contain half the number of chromosomes.

Genetics

the study of ways in which genes are transferred from individuals to their offspring and the role genes play in the health of the offspring.

Genetic disorders or hereditary disorders

are diseases or conditions caused by a defective gene. They may be present at birth or may not be apparent until later in life.

Anabolism

A building-up process in which energy combines smaller units into molecules, or groups of two or more atoms that chemically bond together with specific properties.

Aplasia

Condition in which a cell, tissue, or organ does not grow or develop normally

Carcinogenesis

Formation of development of cancer

Endocytosis

Process in which substances are brought inside a cell

Eukaryotic

Having a clearly defined nucleus

Exocytosis

Process in which substances are transported outside of a cell

Histogenesis

Production of tissues

Hypertonic

Having a greater pressure or concentration in a solution than a cell, causing water to flow out of the cell, resulting in cellular shrinking

Hypotonic

Having a lower pressure or concentration in solute than a cell, causing water to flow into the cell, resulting in cellular swelling

Isotonic

Having equal pressure or concentration inside and outside of a cell

Lysosomes

Organelles that destroy pathogens and non-functional cells

Prokaryotic

No clearly defined nucleus

Tissue

is a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

Histology

is the study of the structure and function of tissues.

biopsy

allows a provider to remove a small piece of tissue, a portion of an organ, or an entire organ for microscopic examination.

pathologist

a physician who specializes in the study of disease, examines the tissue or sections of the organ under a microscope.

Epithelial tissue

forms the skin covering the surface of the body, lines the internal organs, and makes up certain glands. Epithelial tissues are typically characterized by the number of cell layers within the tissue and the shape of the tissue’s cells.

Simple epithelium

Tissue with one layer of cells (Epithelial)

Stratified epithelium

Tissue with more than one layer (epithelial)

Squamous

flat shape epithelial cell

Columnar

Cells shaped like columna

Connective tissue

supports and connects organs and other body tissues.

Dense connective tissue

Bone, Cartilage

Loose connective tissue

Nerve cells, blood vessels

Adipose tissue

Also referred to as fat, provide heat-retaining insulation

Liquid connective tissue

Blood, lymph

Muscle tissue

contracts (shortens) to produce bodily movements. There are three major types of muscle tissue.

Skeletal muscle, or voluntary muscle

is attached to bones. These muscles work with the musculoskeletal system to generate movement at will.

Cardiac muscle

only found in the heart and is responsible for the pumping function of the heart.

Smooth muscle, or visceral muscle, or involuntary muscle

lines the walls of hollow organs, like those in the digestive tract. These muscles can’t be consciously controlled.

Peristalsis

results from smooth muscles alternating contraction and stretching motions, and it helps move substances along a pathway, such as digested food through the intestines.

Nervous tissue

makes up the nervous system and is made of neurons, which receive and conduct electrochemical impulses between the brain and other parts of the body.

Organs

are structures composed of several kinds of tissues that work together to perform a specific function. Examples: Heart, lungs, stomach, brain

Body systems

are made groups of organs that work together to perform complex functions and maintain life. The body systems work together to maintain homeostasis, or the body’s state of balance.

Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

● Protects the body by acting as a physical barrier against pathogens, harmful chemicals, and ultraviolet rays of the sun

● Regulates body temperature and fluid balance

● Produces vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium absorption

● Provides sensory information to the brain about touch, pressure, pain, and temperature provides

Skeletal System

Bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, tendons

● Provides support and shape for the body

● Protects internal organs and tissues

● Produces blood cells

● Stores calcium and minerals

Muscular System

Muscles

○ Allows voluntary and involuntary body movement

○ Produces heat through energy generated by muscles

Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

● Transmits messages about sensory stimuli between the brain and other parts of the body

Endocrine System

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, thalamus, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads (ovaries in females,

testes in males)

● Produces hormones and regulates body functions, including metabolism, mood, growth and development of cells and

tissues, and reproductive development and function

Respiratory System

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

● Delivers life-sustaining oxygen to body tissues and organs

● Expels carbon dioxide

● Filters airborne pollutants and some microorganisms

● Regulates pH (acid-base) levels in the body

Cardiovascular (“Circulatory”) System

Heart, blood vessels

● Pumps blood containing oxygen and nutrients throughout the body

● Carries carbon dioxide to the lungs and other chemical wastes to the kidneys and lungs for elimination

Lymphatic (“Immune”) System

Spleen, lymph nodes, vessels, and tissues, thymus, bone marrow

● Protects the body from microorganisms that cause disease

● Maintains a proper balance of blood and lymphatic fluid in the body

Digestive System

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver, appendix, rectum, anus

● Responsible for the ingestion (taking in), breakdown, and absorption of nutrients

● Removes solid waste products from the body as feces

Urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

● Filters blood to remove waste products

● Regulates electrolytes and fluid balance in the body

Reproductive System

Female - mammary glands, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, Male - penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland

● Allow human beings to produce offspring

Acromial:

Antebrachial:

Antecubital:

Anterior (Ventral):