HIST 4950 Final Study

Jails

For impending trial, debtors, religious/political offenders.

Workhouses

Institutions for vagrants, paupers, and property crime; a cure for idleness.

Corporal punishment

A form of punishment used for convicted offenders during the colonial era.

Indentured servants

Individuals shipped to colonies as a means to work and serve loyally to England.

Fiercely loyal to England

Refers to the loyalty of indentured servants after the American Revolution.

Imprisonment

Substituted for corporal punishment by the Quakers, entailing hard labor.

Cellular separation

A method in prison design leading to modern prisons, promoted by Quakers in Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania System

A prison system characterized by strict isolation and silence, aimed at prisoner reform.

Jacksonian era

Period when penitentiaries, asylums, and almshouses were established to differentiate criminal severity.

Penitentiary

A facility where individuals served time, reflecting on their offenses.

Revenge, retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation

Goals of penitentiaries during the Jacksonian era.

Parole

A system introduced during the Progressive Era allowing early release with conditions.

Probation

A sentencing option allowing offenders to remain in the community under supervision.

Indeterminate sentencing

A flexible sentencing approach developed during the Progressive Era.

Profiling

A law enforcement practice for preventing crimes by assessing individuals' characteristics.

Stop-and-frisk

A policing practice allowing officers to stop individuals and check for weapons or contraband.

True

Americans have historically believed in the natural goodness of man.

Rehabilitation

The process that lost emphasis in the 1970s due to rising crime rates.

Facility control

The increased priority over rehabilitation during the 1970s in response to crime.

Opportunity for inmate conflict

A problem with rehabilitation efforts in prisons.

Divert fiscal/personnel resources

A challenge with implementing rehabilitation programs in correctional facilities.

Labor intensive

Describes rehabilitation efforts that require significant resources and manpower.

Expert witnesses, appeals, activist judges

Resources available for those opposing the death penalty.

Ethnic street gangs

Origin of organized crime in American urban centers after the Civil War.

18th amendment

Prohibition; led to an increase in organized crime during the Progressive Era.

Prohibition

The legal ban on alcohol that spurred organized crime activities.

Big Jim Colosimo

An Italian immigrant who created a powerful underground empire in Chicago.

Johnny Torrio

Colosimo's right-hand man who expanded the empire into bootlegging.

Johnny Torrio

The first boss of organized crime known for businesslike operations.

Al Capone

The violent successor to Torrio, known for his criminal exploits in Chicago.

St. Valentine’s Day Massacre

The event where Capone’s men nearly exterminated a rival gang.

Atlantic City Conference of 1929

Gathering of mob bosses aimed at addressing Capone’s notoriety.

Arnold Rothstein

Known as the NYC mob creator with ties to organized criminal operations.

Charlie "Lucky" Luciano, Frank Castello, Meyer Lansky

Notable individuals employed by Rothstein in organized crime.

Organized Crime Commission

Established to manage organized crime and prevent infighting.

Joseph P. Kennedy

A businessman who facilitated the mob's alcohol trade after Prohibition ended.

Jimmy Walker

Considered one of the most corrupt mayors in NYC history.

Lucky Luciano, Frank Castello

Mob leaders who supported FDR during the 1932 Democratic Convention.

Fiorello Laguardia

Mayor who cracked down on gambling and prostitution in NYC.

Huey P. Long

Louisianan politician connected with Castello’s organized crime operations.

Carlos Marcello

Local figure tapped by Castello to run Louisiana operations.

Robert Kennon

Governor who cracked down on illegal gambling activities in Louisiana.

Labor unions

Sectors that organized crime began to control for gambling operations.

Jimmy Hoffa

Linked organized crime with unions, overseeing the Teamsters Union's activities.

Thomas E. Dewey

Chief District Attorney in NYC known for targeting organized crime.

JFK, George Connelly, police officer

The three victims of the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

Lee Harvey Oswald

The individual accused of killing JFK in 1963.

Justice Warren

Investigated JFK’s assassination and concluded a singular involvement.

Mob, Cuba, Coup

Theories regarding who orchestrated JFK's assassination.

False

Justice Warren's investigation did not strengthen public trust in the government.

Three men

Accused of murdering Malcolm X, members of the Nation of Islam.

Thomas Hagan/Mujahid Abdul Halim

The individual who confessed to Malcolm X's assassination.

Norman Butler/Muhammad A. Aziz, Thomas Johnson/Khalil Islam

Two others accused of Malcolm X's assassination who maintained innocence.

James Earl Ray

Assassin of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968.

Sirhan Sirhan

Assassin of Robert F. Kennedy in 1968.

Spree killers

Perpetrators committing multiple crimes at different locations in a short time.

Mass murderers

Individuals killing four or more people during a single event.

Charles Whitman

American who killed multiple people at the University of Texas in 1966.

Spree killing

Referring to Whitman's actions that resulted in numerous deaths.

Swat teams

A tactic created in response to Whitman’s sniping incident.

Mark Essex

Known as the Howard Johnson Sniper, involved in racial issues.

19-yr-old black police cadet

One of Essex's victims during his spree killing.

Charles Starkweather

Teenager who killed multiple people in Nebraska and Wyoming.

Carol Ann Fugate

Accompanied Starkweather during his killing spree.

Starkweather executed in Nebraska; Fugate spent 17 years in jail

Fates of Starkweather and Fugate following their crimes.

Three or more murders

FBI definition of serial killers including methods and motives.

Two or more murders

National Institute of Justice definition of serial killers including psychological motives.

Prototype definition of serial killers

Describes characteristics of serial killers identifiable by their patterns.

Jack the Ripper

Generally regarded as the first modern serial killer.

Manhunt, forensic material

Modern investigative methods developed after crimes by serial killers.

76%

Percentage of serial killers located in the U.S. during the 20th century.

Belle Gunness

One of the earliest known American serial killers from 1880s to 1908.

Earl Nelson

Known as the Gorilla Man/Landlady Killer, first known American serial sex murderer.

Albert Fish

A notorious sadomasochistic killer known as the Grey Man.

Grace Budd

Most famous victim of Albert Fish, who was abducted and killed.

Roaring 20s/eve of Depression

Time period when serial killings began to rise significantly.

Carl Panzram

Notorious criminal who committed various heinous acts throughout his life.

Edmund Kemper

Serial killer known for his unique confessions and actions.

Albert Desalvo

The Boston Strangler known for unique killing patterns.

2,002 SAs

Confession from Albert Desalvo related to multiple assaults and homicides.

John Wayne Gacy

Known as the Clown Killer, a notorious serial murderer.

Normal relationship

Described Gacy’s ability to hide his criminal life behind a normal facade.

Gary Rideway

The Green River Killer, responsible for numerous murders in Washington.

Broken home, mentally/physically abused

Characteristics John Douglas identified in serial killers' backgrounds.

Wayne Williams

Atlanta Child Killer who targeted young black men, suspected of multiple murders.

Loud splash, speeding station wagon

Circumstances surrounding the arrest of Wayne Williams.

National Bureau of Criminal Identification

Founded in 1896 to help law enforcement identify known criminals.

Anarchists

Threat perceived after McKinley assassination influencing federal investigative changes.

Bureau of Investigation

The precursor to the FBI formed to address criminal activities.

White Slave Trafficking Act

Legislation guiding the Bureau of Investigation's early objectives.

Herbert Hoover

Main director of the FBI during its early formative years.

Whitey Bulger

Notorious criminal informant whose actions drew criticism to the FBI.

Ruby Ridge, Waco Siege

Events that fueled animosity towards the FBI and government by some groups.

Sympathy towards accused

Assumption underlying the fundamental right to a jury of peers.

False

Indicating strong evidence does not guarantee conviction due to various pressures.

O.J. Simpson case

Notable trial exemplifying jury neutralization and societal dynamics at play.

Inculpatory evidence

Evidence that indicates a defendant's guilt in a criminal case.

Circumstantial evidence

Indirect evidence that infers a conclusion about the case.

Forensic evidence

Physical evidence collected implicating parties in a crime.

80%; 60%

Cleared homicide cases statistics from 1965 and 2017 reflecting criminal justice efficiency.