Chapter 40: Hematology

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)

chemical in red blood cells that affects hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen

anemia

inadequate number of red blood cells or inadequate hemoglobin within the red blood cells

anticoagulants

medication that inhibits blood clotting

antigen

marker on the surface of a cell that identifies it as “self” or “non-self”

autoimmune disease

condition in which the body makes antibodies against and attacks its own tissues

Bohr effect

chemotaxis

movement of white blood cells in response to chemical signals

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

serious disorder of coagulation caused by systemic activation of the coagulation cascade in which fibrin clots are formed not just at the site of an injury but throughout the body’s vascular system

erythrocyte

red blood cell

erythropoiesis

process of producing red blood cells

erythropoietin

hormone produced by kidney cells that stimulates maturation of red blood cells

fibrinolysis

process through which plasmin dismantles a blood clot

fibrinolytics

medication that acts directly on thrombi to break them down

hematocrit

packed cell volume of red blood cells per unit of blood

hematology

study of blood and the blood-forming organs

hematopoiesis

process through which pluripotent stem cells differentiate into various types of blood cells

hemoglobin

an iron-based compound found in red blood cells that binds with oxygen and transports it to body cells

hemolysis

destruction of red blood cells

hemophilia

blood disorder in which one of the proteins necessary for blood clotting is missing or defective

hemostasis

three-step body response to local hemorrhage, comprising a vascular phase that reduces blood flow, a platelet phase in which aggregating platelets form a weak clot, and a coagulation phase that results in the formation of fibrin, creating a strong clot

inflammatory process

nonspecific defense mechanism that wards off damage from microorganisms or trauma

leukemia

cancer of the hematopoietic cells

leukocyte

white blood cell

leukocytosis

too many white blood cells

leukopenia

too few white blood cells

leukopoiesis

process through which stem cells differentiate into the immature forms of white blood cells

lymphoma

cancer of the lymphatic system

major basic protein (MBP)

principal protein found in the granules of eosinophils that, when released by eosinophils helps to fight parasites

multiple myeloma

cancerous disorder of plasma cells

neutropenia

reduced number of neutrophils in the blood

phagocytosis

process in which specialized cells engulf and destroy bacteria and other particles

plasma

liquid part of the blood

pluripotent stem cell

unspecialized embryonic cells from which all the various types of cells that make up the body can develop

polycythemia

too many red blood cells

sequestration

removal or isolation of a chemical, molecule, cell, or tissue from general access, the trapping of red blood cells by an organ such as the spleen

sickle cell disease

inherited disorder of red blood cell production

thrombocyte

another term for blood platelet

thrombocytopenia

abnormal decrease in the number of platelets

thrombocytosis

abnormal increase in the number of platelets

thrombosis

clot formation

von Willebrand’s disease

condition in which the vWF component of factor VIII is deficient

Hematopoietic system components

Blood, bone marrow, liver, spleen, kidneys

Pluripotent stem cells turn into ____

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes

Red blood cells make up ___ of total blood volume

6%

Plasma is ___ water

90%

____ and ____ are dissolved and transported in plasma

O2 and CO2

Carbon monoxide has ____ times more binding affinity than Oxygen

210-250

How longs do RBC’s live

120 days

Hematocrit normal range

40-52%

Demargination of leukocytes

the return of leukocytes to circulation in response to stress, steroids, seizures, epinephrine, exercise

Normal range for WBC count

5000-9000

basophils are ___

blue

eosinophils are ___

red

neutrophils are ___

pale blue/pink

What are the 3 granulocytes?

Basophils, neutrophils, and eosiniphils

Macrophage

garbage collectors

T-cells are involved in _____ immunity

cellular

B-cells are involved in ___ immunity

humoral

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

T-cells and B-cells

Redness, warmth, swelling, and fever are signs of

inflammation

Platelts survive for ___ days

7-10

Platelets are removed from circulation by the ___

spleen

3 mechanics of blood loss control

vascular spasms, platelet plugs, stable fibrin clots

Most clotting proteins are produced in the ____

liver

Erythroblastolis fetalis

hemolytic disease of newborns leading to a fatal Rh reaction

____ is given to promote diuresis in hemolytic reactions

lasix

The most common hemolytic reaction

fever

Petechiae

red tiny dots on skin

florid

reddish appearance caused by polycythemia

purpura

large purple blotches caused by multiple hemorrhages under the skin

bleeding of gums is an ____ sign of bleeding disorders

early

splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen seen in hematologic problems

hemarthrosis

bleeding into a joint

Hematocrit less than ___ in female is anemia

37%

Hematocrit less than ___ in men is anemia

40%

Life span in days of RBC’s in sickle cell anemia

10-20

Hematocrit above ___ is polycythemia

50%