HPU2404 Disease Exam Revision Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary revision flashcards covering male reproductive disorders, STIs, gastrointestinal pathology, hepatobiliary diseases, haematological conditions, and renal pathophysiology.

Hypospadias

A congenital condition characterized by an abnormal location of the urethral opening on the underside of the penis.

Epispadias

A congenital abnormality where the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis.

Phimosis

A condition in which a tight foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis.

Paraphimosis

A condition where a retracted foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans, creating a constricting band that impairs local circulation.

Balanitis

Inflammation of the glans penis associated with irritation or infection, such as Candida or Chlamydia.

Priapism

A persistent, prolonged, and painful erection unrelated to sexual arousal, requiring emergency evaluation when lasting $4\,\text{hours}$.

Cryptorchidism

Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum, which is associated with infertility and increased risk of testicular cancer.

Hydrocele

An accumulation of fluid within the scrotum surrounding the testis, which may track from peritoneal fluid.

Haematocele

A collection of blood within the scrotum, typically occurring after trauma.

Spermatocele

A painless diverticulum or cyst of the epididymis located near the testis.

Varicocele

Dilation of scrotal veins caused by incompetent venous valves, typically more prominent when upright and described as feeling like a bag of worms.

Testicular Torsion

Twisting of the spermatic cord that compromises testicular blood flow, presenting as sudden severe pain, swelling, and risking necrosis if not urgently repaired.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

DHT-associated non-malignant tissue proliferation around the urethra that compresses urinary outflow and may cause postrenal kidney injury.

Prostate Cancer

An androgen-dependent adenocarcinoma, commonly arising on the posterior prostate, that may spread to bones, lungs, and liver.

Erectile Dysfunction

Impaired ability to achieve or maintain an erection due to vascular, neurological, psychological, or medication-related causes.

Gonorrhoea

An infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae that targets epithelial surfaces, risking pelvic inflammatory disease and scarring-induced infertility.

Chlamydia

An intracellular bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis leading to urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, or epididymitis.

Syphilis

A systemic infection caused by Treponema pallidum progressing through primary painless chancres, secondary rash/fever, and tertiary cardiovascular or neurological damage.

Genital Herpes

A mucosal viral infection caused by HSV that ascends sensory nerves to remain latent within ganglia, presenting as painful vesicles and ulcers upon reactivation.

Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)

A disorder where transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations permit gastric acid to reflux into the oesophagus, causing heartburn, regurgitation, and Barrett's oesophagus.

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

Erosive breakdown extending through the muscularis mucosae when acid and pepsin overpower mucosal defenses, commonly triggered by H. pylori and NSAIDs.

Coeliac Disease

An autoimmune reaction triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals, resulting in intestinal villous blunting and malabsorption.

Cachexia

Involuntary, ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass with or without adipose depletion, driven by inflammatory and metabolic alterations and refractory to caloric intake alone.

Metabolic Syndrome

A clinical constellation of central obesity and insulin resistance combined with hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and impaired glucose tolerance.

Clostridioides difficile Infection

A toxin-mediated colonic infection typically emerging after antibiotic use, causing watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and risk of toxic megacolon.

Crohn Disease

An immune dysregulation causing transmural, patchy inflammation anywhere from the mouth to the anus, frequently leading to strictures, abscesses, and fistulas.

Ulcerative Colitis

A continuous inflammatory condition affecting the colonic mucosa and submucosa beginning in the rectum, characterized by crypt abscesses and bloody diarrhoea.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A functional gastrointestinal disorder featuring abdominal pain, altered bowel habits, visceral hypersensitivity, and gut-brain axis dysregulation without tissue damage.

Appendicitis

Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen, often by a faecolith or lymphoid hyperplasia, causing inflammation and pain migrating from the umbilicus to the right lower quadrant.

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum caused by infectious agents or chemical irritants, manifesting with severe pain, guarding, and abdominal wall rigidity.

Portal Hypertension

Elevated portal venous pressure caused by restricted intrahepatic blood flow, resulting in collateral venous channels, splenomegaly, and ascites.

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Neuropsychiatric impairment secondary to advanced liver dysfunction and portosystemic shunting, permitting systemic accumulation of neurotoxins such as ammonia.

Oesophageal Varices

Thin-walled, dilated submucosal veins within the oesophagus resulting from portal hypertension that carry a major risk of rupture and massive haemorrhage.

Cholelithiasis

The formation of stones within the gallbladder due to precipitation of cholesterol or bile pigments in stagnant bile.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder wall, most frequently triggered by cystic duct obstruction by a gallstone.

Acute Pancreatitis

Premature intrapancreatic activation of digestive enzymes causing autodigestion, tissue injury, fluid third-spacing, and systemic inflammatory complications.

Iron Deficiency Anaemia

A microcytic, hypochromic anaemia caused by inadequate iron stores to support haemoglobin production, often accompanied by low ferritin and brittle concave nails.

Pernicious Anaemia

A megaloblastic anaemia resulting from autoimmune or physiological loss of gastric intrinsic factor, preventing vitamin B12 absorption.

Aplastic Anaemia

Pancytopenia caused by bone marrow stem-cell failure, reducing red blood cells, functional leukocytes, and platelets.

Sickle Cell Disease

An inherited haemoglobinopathy where deoxygenated abnormal haemoglobin polymerizes, distorting erythrocytes into sickled shapes that cause vessel occlusion.

Thalassaemia

An inherited defect in globin chain synthesis producing microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes with shortened lifespans and predisposing to secondary iron overload.

Thrombocytopenia

A reduction in peripheral blood platelet count below $150 \times 10^9/\text{L}$, impairing primary haemostasis and causing petechiae and purpura.

Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)

An autoimmune disorder characterized by autoantibody tagging of circulating platelets, triggering their accelerated destruction within the spleen.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A systemic consumptive coagulopathy characterized by extensive microvascular thrombosis that exhausts platelets and coagulation factors, inducing concurrent haemorrhage.

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Thrombus formation within deep veins driven by endothelial damage, stasis, and hypercoagulability, with potential to dislodge to the pulmonary vasculature.

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Obstruction of the pulmonary arterial bed by a dislodged thromboembolus, precipitating acute right-ventricular strain, hypoxaemia, and respiratory compromise.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)

An aggressive haematological malignancy involving rapid accumulation of immature lymphoid blasts in the bone marrow, predominantly affecting B-cell lineages in children.

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)

The most common acute leukaemia in adults, characterized by clonal proliferation of immature myeloid precursors that disrupt normal marrow haematopoiesis.

Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)

A myeloproliferative neoplasm strongly associated with the Philadelphia chromosome, capable of advancing from a chronic phase into accelerated or blast crisis phases.

Hodgkin Lymphoma

A lymphoid malignancy characterized histopathologically by abnormal multinational B cells known as Reed–Sternberg cells and orderly contiguous nodal enlargement.

Multiple Myeloma

A neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells within the bone marrow producing excess monoclonal paraproteins, lytic bone lesions, anaemia, and renal impairment.

Nephrotic Syndrome

A clinical state of severe glomerular injury featuring heavy proteinuria of at least $3.5\,\text{g/day}$, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperlipidaemia, and widespread peripheral oedema.

Nephritic Syndrome

A glomerular inflammatory condition characterized by haematuria, dysmorphic RBC casts, oliguria, hypertension, and mild-to-moderate proteinuria.

Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury

An abrupt decline in glomerular filtration rate caused by compromised renal arterial perfusion pressure without intrinsic structural parenchymal damage.

Intrarenal Acute Kidney Injury

A sudden reduction in renal clearance directly caused by parenchymal tissue damage, most frequently manifest as acute tubular necrosis from ischaemia or nephrotoxins.

Postrenal Acute Kidney Injury

Kidney injury precipitated by mechanical obstruction of urinary outflow anywhere distal to the renal parenchymal calyces, raising retro-pressure on nephrons.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Irreversible, progressive destruction of nephrons leading to fluid retention, loss of erythropoietin production, impaired vitamin D activation, and uraemia.

Acute Pyelonephritis

An active bacterial infection and inflammation ascending into the renal pelvis and parenchymal interstitium, presenting with fever, chills, flank tenderness, and dysuria.

Wilms Tumour

An embryonal malignancy of renal origin primarily affecting young children, typically discovered as an asymptomatic, firm abdominal mass.