POSC 200 FINAL RUTHERFORD

Legal definition of landmines

A 'munition designed to be placed under, on or near the ground or other surface area and to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or vehicle'

Tragedy of the Commons

Situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community

Three unlawful methods & means of attack

1. Indiscriminate weapons 2. Proportionality 3. Unnecessary Suffering

1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons

1. Banned bullets less than 400 mg (cannot be detected by x-ray) 2. Landmines must be mapped and marked 3. Banned incinerator devices

Which protocol from the 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons banned landmines and booby traps?

Protocol II

International Campaign to Ban Landmines

Won the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize

Humanitarian problem with cluster munitions

They can initially fail to explode and harm people afterwards

Fatal Footprint

the area where bombs explodes (or don't and are left for a long time)

Boomerang Effect

weapons repurposed against our own troops

The Poor and Cluster Munitions

Poor people are the most exposed to cluster munitions, they work the land and do not have the resources to leave.

Infectious diseases

Can be spread from person to person or animal to person

Noncommunicable diseases

Diseases that cannot be spread, chronic

Ebola

A contagious viral disease originating from bats and non-human primates. It is transmitted by blood and body fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually resulting in death.

Covid-19 origin possibilities

1. Bat to human 2. Bat to mammal to human 3. Laboratory in Wuhan

Mission Creep

Expansion from food relief to a democratic institution-building. UN Resolution 837 is the action that begins this.

Operation Restore Hope

December 1992, Bush sent 20,000 Marines to Somalia- success 'Get the food through'

CNN Effect

The ability of the media to elevate distant issues on the domestic public agenda. First seen with CNN's 24 hour broadcasts.

Operation Gothic Serpent

Hunt down and capture General Aidid to remove him from power and restore order

Somalia Syndrome

The American public is not willing to support casualties if the goal is not US security

Operation Uphold Democracy

Clinton sends American soldiers to Haiti in 1994

John Glenn

First human to orbit the earth

Neofunctionalism

A theory that holds that economic integration (functionalism) generates a 'spillover' effect, resulting in increased political integration.

1957 Treaty of Rome

Created a common market among its founding members: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Issues surrounding immigration, crime, health policy, and decision-making procedures arose. Precursor to EU.

Maastricht Treaty

Created further integration in three areas: 1. Monetary Union 2. Justice and home affairs 3. Political and military integration

Digital divide

Gap in access to information tech within countries

Information as tools of government

Technology makes it easier to gather, organize, and store high amounts of information. It is harder to hide information from other governments. Used to influence domestic and international audiences.

Population movement categories

Migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, displaced persons, immigrants

Pro-globalization arguments

Logical and inevitable expansion of capitalism; promotes growth and development; will result in economic convergenc

Anti-globalization arguments

Dominated by powerful nations, rich get richer, environmental costs, labor is exploited, weakens power of nation, instability in global economy

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

GDP

The total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

The Four Tigers

The highly industrialized economies of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. They were able to rise to power by placing importance on developing education and infrastructure.

South Korea products

Cars, ships, steel, chemicals

Taiwan product

Semiconductors

Hong Kong products

Financials, tourism, trading, professionals

Singapore products

Chemicals, logistics, STEM, biomedical engineering, transportation

Tiananmen Square Massacre

A political and social protest by university students in Beijing, China in 1989. The protest called for political and social reforms and resulted in the government using the military to end it, which caused hundreds of deaths, thousands injured, and many more imprisoned.

Collective Goods Problem

Dilemma on how to provide something that benefits all members of a group when not all parties contribute. Parties may gain from lack of contribution, but if not everyone contributes then the good may not be able to be provided.

Causes of Cold War

1. Soviet control of Eastern Europe, fear it might spread to Western Europe. 2. Opposing ideologies 3. Containment.

The Marshall Plan

The US plan to help rebuild European economies after the devastating effects of WWII.

Containment

Policy of halting the Soviet Union's spread so communism cannot succeed. Largely done throughout proxy wars.

Vietnam War

Prolonged war that divided US public and failed to prevent a communist takeover in Vietnam.

Defining Power

The ability to get another actor to do what it would not otherwise have done (or not to do what it would have done).

Gross Domestic Product

Combination of size, technological level, and wealth of a country.

Elements of Power

GDP, population, territory, geography, and natural resources.

The Early Westphalian System

The Treaty of Westphalia established the principle of independent sovereign states in 1648. This placed importance on states with strong military capacities and global interests.

Zulu Empire

Strong soldiers formed the buffalo horn formation, the Zulu stabbing, the iklwa.

Roman Empire

Roman attacking formation.

Mongol Empire

Archers on horseback, invented the stirrup.

Aztec, Maya, Inca Empires

Roads and agricultural development.

Today's Global Powers

China, Russia, USA

Spratly Islands

Disputed territory between many Asian Countries (Vietnam, the Philippines, China). Causes lots of violence and international conflict.

Deterrence

The threat to punish another actor if it takes a certain negative action (especially attacking one's own state or one's allies).

International Regime

Set of rules, normalities, and procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain issue area.

Collective Security

Formation of a broad alliance of most major actors in an international system for the purpose of jointly opposing aggression by any actor. Example being the League of Nations and its successor, the UN.

Prisoner's Dilemma

"Game" where rational actors pursuing their individual interests all achieve worse outcomes than they could have by working together.

Security Dilemma

Increased spending on weapons makes the other side feel less secure, leading to a cycle of mistrust and military industrialization.

Colony Collapse

Sudden demise of a honey bee colony.

Chernobyl

Ukrainian city that was the location of a nuclear disaster in 1986, still highly radioactive today.

Stockholm Conference

Most important legal gathering of nations since WWII. Created diplomatic foundations for international environmental issues and crystallized specific normalities and principles for environmental concerns. Also created the UN Environmental Program. First on environment

Ethnocentrism/ In-Group Bias

The tendency to see one's own group (in-group) in favorable terms and an out-group in unfavorable terms.

Landmines

Concealed explosive devices, often left behind by irregular armies, that kill or maim civilians after wars end.

Weapons of Mass Destruction

Biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons that can cause a massive number of deaths in a single use, relative lack of discrimination in whom they kill.

Proliferation

The spread of weapons of mass destruction into the hands of more actors.

Mutually-Assured Destruction (MAD)

The possession of second-strike nuclear capabilities, which ensures that neither of two adversaries could prevent the other from destroying it in an all-out war.

Types of Terrorism

Domestic, nationalist, religious, state, global, lone-wolf, and issue-specific.

Biological Weapons

So-called germ warfare; the use of bacteria, viruses, and parasites on a large scale to incapacitate or destroy a population.

Chemical Weapons

Weapons that use chemicals to poison, burn, or paralyze humans and destroy the natural environment.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII (10/24/45) to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. - 194 members - 6 official languages.

5 Structures of the United Nations

1. Security Council (five permanent members, responsible for peace)

2. General Assembly (main decision-making body)

3. Economic and Social Council (3 year term/ 54 members; only power to recommend, specialized/ autonomous agencies).

4. World Court (15 judges, 9 necessary for decision, no two judges can be from the same nationality; international disputes)

5. Secretariat (leader appointed by General Assembly)

Percentage of the world's population that is disabled

15% - approximately 1 billion

2006 Convention for the Rights and Dignity for People with Disabilities (CRPD)

A convention that aimed to be an empowering way to raise public awareness on disability rights, as well as develop the knowledge-base for participants to advocate for disability rights.

Factors contributing to Jordan's disability rights law

1. Hashemite Royal Family 2. Education 3. Openness to foreigners

Mercantilism

An economic theory designed to increase a nation's wealth through the development of commercial industry and a favorable balance of trade.

Economic Liberalism

The idea that government should not interfere in the workings of the economy, cooperation helps to realize common gains.

Invisible Hand

Term economists use to describe the self-regulating nature of the marketplace, coined by Adam Smith.

Comparative Advantage

The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can.

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people.

Monopoly

Complete control of a product or business by one person or group.

Tariffs

Taxes on imports or exports.

International Monetary Fund

Manages currency exchanges and promotes trade.

I don't like Mondays

Spencer told the reporter she had shot at the school children and adults because, "I don't like Mondays. This livens up the day."

Euro

European Union currency

Rasputin song

By a Caribbean band but became #1 in Russia, global spread of music

Ho Chi Minh Trail

The North Vietnamese's series of jungle supply trails that passed through Laos and Cambodia to supply South Vietnam and the Viet Cong

Geneva Accords

Split Vietnam into North (communist) and South (pro-Western), divided by a demilitarized zone

Hue 1968 Tet Offensive

Turning point where protests against the Vietnam War began

Operation Rolling Thunder

Bombing campaign over North Vietnam to inflict mass casualties to persuade North Vietnam to go to the bargaining table

Kent State

An Ohio university where National Guardsmen opened fire on students protesting the Vietnam War on May 10, 1970, wounding nine and killing four

Vietnam War's deadly legacy

Many bombs and land mines left around the country, health impacts from napalm and Agent Orange, impacts still seen to this day

Montreal Protocol

Treaty to end the use of CFCs

David Ricardo

English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market

Today's Exchange rate system

Managed float system

Mauritania conflict factors

Islamic radicalism

global commons

A natural asset of the earth that is available to all

Cluster Munitions

Explosive weapons that disperse smaller submunitions

Migrants

People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries

Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Dumping ground for fast fashion

Chile's Atacama Desert

World Bank

An international bank that offers low-interest loans, advice, and information to developing nations