Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1-4

Anatomy

"Cutting Open"

-form

Physiology

"How does it work"

-function

Cytology

study of cells and their structure

Histology

study of tissues and their structure

Cell Physiology

process within and between cells

Hippocrates

Father of medicine, code of ethics Hippocrate Oath, Diseases and natural cause

Aristotle

Contributions to human knowledge

Claudius Galen

Surgeon for gladiators

Maimonides

Avicenna

andreas Vesalius

william harvey

michael sevetus

robert hooke

anthony van leeuwenhoek

mathias schelidin and theodore schwann

Maimonides - 10 books, jew, disease

Avicenna-studied galen and aristotle

Andreas Ves-blood circulation book of Motion of the heart

William Harvery-Blood circulates around the body and organs then back to the heart

Robert Hooke-designed scientific Instruments - compound microscope Magnified 30x

Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek- textile merchant invented- simple microscope, single lense mag. 200x

Schelidin and schwann- all organisms are compossed of cells, cell theory

Inductive Reasoning

Making numerous observations until one feels good to make generalizations about.

Hyothetico- Deductive Reasoning

Physiological Knowledge was obtained

Hypothesis

Educated Guess

Experimental Design

Sample Size, Controls, Control Group, Treatment Group, Psychosomatic Effect, Experimental Bias

Sample size

number of subjects

Controls

comparison between treated and untreated individuals

Control Group

Baseline of treatment, stays the same, receives Placebo, does not receive the actual treatment

Treatment Group

Receives the actual treatment

psychosomatic effect

state of mind of individual

experimental bias

experimenters expect a certain result so their interpretations can effect the outcome of the treatment. Their bias opinion

Transcription

Copies genetic instructions from DNA to MRNA

Translation

Converts language of nucleotide into language of amino acids

Organism

Single, complete individual

organ system

group of organs witha unique collective function such as circulation, respiration, digestion

Organ

structure of 2 or more tissue types that work together to perform as specific function. Example; skin- largest

tissue

mass of cell and cell product

cell

smallest unit of life, composed of lipids and proteins, lives in plasma membrane

organelle

microscopic structure in cell that carry out the function example: mitochondria, centrioles, lysosomes, composed of molecules

8 Characteristics of Life

1. organization

2. cellular composition

3. metabolism

4. response/ movement

5. homeostasis

6. development

7. reproduction

8. evolution

cytology

study of cells

Homeostasis

maintaining a stable internal environment

Negative Feedback

-controls body temperature

Positive Feedback

response of effector increases change caused by stimulus

-body moves away from homeostasis

-normal range lost

-used to speed up process

Anatomical Position

hands at sides, palms forward

Supine

lying down, face up

Prone

lying down, face down

Anatomical Planes

Imaginary flat area passing through the body, Sagital, Frontal, Transverse

Sagital

Vertically through the body making a right/left division.

Mid-Sagital

Equal cut, median/ middle. Head/ Pelvic

Frontal

Vertical and perpendicular to sagital, divides into front and back, anterior and posterior

Transverse

horizontal, divides body from top/bottom, superior and inferior

4 Abdominal Quadrants

Right upper, left upper

right lower, left lower

Abdominopelvic Regions

-Right hypochondriac Region-->Epigastric-->Left Hypochondriac Region

-Right Lumbar Region-->Umbilical-->Left Lumbar Region

-Right iliac Region-->Hypogastric-->Left iliac Region

Axial

Head, neck, trunk

Body Cavities

Ventral

Thoraic

Abdominopelvic

Ventral Cavity

-provides protection, allows organ movement

-separated by diaphragm

Thoracic Cavity

-surround by the chest wall and diaphragm

1.) Right Pleural-right lung

2.)Mediastinum-contain the trachea, esophagus

-pericardial- heart

3.)Left Pleural-left lung

Abdominopelvic Cavity

-contain the peritoneal cavity

1.) Abdominal-contains many digestive glands and organs

2.) Pelvic-contain urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract

Serious Membrane

-line body cavities and cover organs

-parietal-->line cavity

-visceral-cover organ

Atoms

the smallest stable unit of matter

-join together to form molecules with different characteristics

Elements that make up 98% of human body weight

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorous

Proton

positive

Neutron

neutral

Electron

negative

Nucleus

contain protons and neutrons, center of an atom

Electron cloud

contain electrons

Element

determined by the atomic number of an atom

A#=PROTONS

Atomic #

equal to number of protons in each atom, which is equal to the number of electrons

Mass #

number of protons plus number of neutrons

Isotopes

two or more forms of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons but different neutrons number

Marie Curie

First women to receive Nobel prize, also first woman in France to receive Ph.D, Second Nobel Prize for work in Radiation. Died from radiation poisoning at 67

Radioactive Isotopes

Forms of atoms that emit radioactivity such as gamma rays which can be measured

-used clinically to track hormones, treat cancer

Alpha

To large of rays, contacts SKIN

Beta

Rays penetrates the skin

Gamma

Dangerous effects body

Ions

Charged particles with unequal # of protons and electrons

anion

gains electron, negative charge

cation

loses electron, positive charge

Chemical bonds between atoms

-involves the sharing, gaining or losing of electrons in the valence shell

Atomic Bonding

occurs when outermost electrons are either shared with or transferred to another atoms

Ionic Bonds

strong attraction between cation (e donor) and anion (e acceptor)

Covalent Bonds

strong bonds involving shared electrons

STRONGEST

Covalent bonds share e-

-Involve sharing pairs of electrons b/w atoms

-One e- is donated by each atom to make the pair of electrons

1=single

2=double

3=triple

Nonpolar Covalent

Involve equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in bond have equal pull* on electrons (e.g. C2H6)

Polar Covalent

-Involve unequal sharing of electrons because one atom involved in bond has a disproportionately strong pull on electrons

-Form polar molecules — like water

Hydrogen Bonds

involve slightly positive and slightly negative portions of polar molecules being attracted to one another

WEAKEST... intermolecular bonds based on partial electrical attractions

Water

Universal Solvent, accounts for up to 2/3 of your total body weight

Hydrophillic

interact with water

-includes ions and polar molecules

Hydrophobic

-fear

-does not interact with water

-includes nonpolar molecules, fats, and oils

pH

concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Neutral

-balance of H+ and OH-

-pure 7.0

Acidic

ph solution below 7.0, proton donor

basic

alkaline, above 7.0, proton accepted

buffer

chemical solution that resist change in ph, add buffer to level it out

Adhesion

Clings to another substance

Cohesion

Clings to itself

Thermal Stability

balance of internal body temperature, heat capacity

pH of blood

ranges from 7.35 to 7.45

free radical

chemical particle with odd number of electrons

Decomposition

large molecules break down into smaller ones, change in ph or temperature

Synthesis Reaction

2 or more molecules form a larger one

Main Organic Molecules

Carbohydrate, Lipids, Protein, Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

-contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen-->1:2:1 ratio

Monosaccharide

simple sugar

glucose***

Disaccharide

two sugars

Sucrose ( glucose+ frutose)

Polysaccharide

many sugars, glycogen- energy storing, starch- complex carbs , cellulose- not digestible( fiber)

Lipids

-mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and waxes

- Fatty acid, triglyceride, phospolipids, eiocscrioids, steriods

-made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Fatty Acid

Saturated- SOLID

Unsaturated- LIQUID

Triglycerides

-3 fatty acids tails

-also called triacylglycerols or neutral fats

-energy source, insulation and protection

Saturated Fatty Acid

contains all single bonds in the carbon chain, which produces a more rigid structure

SOLID

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

contains one (mono) or more (poly) double bonds in the carbon chain, which produces a more relaxed structure

LIQUID