OFFC 1001 - Chapter 2 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

OFFC 1001 Anatomy and Terminology

Cell membrane

Structure that surrounds and protects the cell

Nucleus - nucle/o, kary/o

Control centre of the cell that contains chromosomes

chromosomes - chrom/o = colour

Rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contains regions called genes

chrom/o = colour + -somes = chromosomes

Cytoplasm

fluid material within the cell surrounding the nucleus and organelles

cyt/o = cell, -plasm

Mitochondra

powerhouse of the cell, small sausage shaped structures

Endoplasmic Reticulum

membrane network involved in producing and transporting substances within the cell

DNA

Genetic material that contains the body's instructions

Genes

sections of the DNA found in the nucleus of the most cells.

Humans have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, 1 pair from each bio parent.

Metabolism

all chemical processes occuring within the cells

ana- = up > anabolism = building up

cata- = down > catabolism = breaking down

Catabolism

cata- = down

breakdown of complex substances into simpler substances

eg. breaking food molecules down to release energy

Anabolism

ana- = up

building complex substances from simpler substances

Epithelial Cells

Covers and lines body surfaces and structures.

Protects, absorb, and secretes substances

Muscle Cells/ Tissue

Muscle tissue contracts to produce movement.

Skeletal - body movement

Cardiac - pumps blood

Smooth - involuntary movement in internal organs and structures

Nerve Cells (neurons)

long extensions to transmit signals

controls body functions and communication

nervous tissue - contains neurons and transmit signals throughout the body

Connective Tissue Cells

Supports, binds other tissues and protects body structures.

Connective tissue includes:

Bone

Blood

Cartilage

Adipose tissue (body fat)

Organs

Made of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.

Eg. stomach is an organ; the stomach and intestines are part of the abdominal viscera

Systems

A group of organs that work together to perform a major body function

Eg. Cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system

Body Cavities & Abdominal Quadrants

To help healthcare professionals describe where the organs, symptoms and findings are located

Body Cavities

Large, hollow spaces inside the body to contain and protect internal organs

Eg. Cranial cavity - contains the brain

Abdominal Quadrants

Divides the abdomen into 4 sections to help identify location of symptoms like pain or swelling

What are the 4 Abdominal Quadrants?

RUQ = right upper quadrant

LUQ = left upper quadrant

RLQ = right lower quadrant

LLQ = left lower quadrant

Position

How the body is placed

Direction

Location of one body part relative to another

Anatomical Position

Is the standard reference point used in anatomy to describe the locations and relationships of body parts.

The body must be in this position:

• Standing upright

• Facing forward

• Arms at the side

• Palms facing forward

• Feet facing forward

Superior

Towards the head or above another structure

Eg. The eyes are superior to the mouth

Inferior

Towards the feet or below another structure

Eg. The stomach is inferior to the lungs

Anterior (ventral)

Towards the front of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

Towards the back of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or trunk

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or trunk

Superficial

Closer to the body surface

Eg. Skin is superficial to the bones

Deep

Farther from the body surface

Eg. The bones are deep to the skin

Plane

Imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body into sections. These planes are used to describe movements, locate injuries, or make cross sections in imagin

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right portions

Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse (horizontal/axial) plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Midsagittal (median) plane

Divides the body into equal left and right halves

Parasagittal plane

Divides the body into unequal left and right portions

Back Regions

Cervical - neck

Thoracic - upper/mid back

Lumbar - lower back

Sacral - sacrum

Coccygeal - coccyx

Abdominal/o

Abdomen

Adip/o

Fat

Anter/o

Front

Cervic/o

Neck (of the body or uterus)

Chondr/o

Cartilage

Chrom/o

Colour

Coccyg/o

Coccyx (tailbone)

Crani/o

Skull

Cyt/o

Cell

Dist/o

Far/distant

Dors/o

Back portion of the body

Hist/o, histi/o

Tissue

Ili/o

Ilium (of the hip bone)

Inguin/o

Groin

Kary/o

Nucleus

Later/o

Side

Lumb/o

Lower back

Medi/o

Middle

Nucle/o

Nucleus

Pelv/i

Pelvis

Pharyng/o

Pharynx (throat)

Poster/o

Back/behind

Proxim/o

Nearest

Sacr/o

Sacrum

Sarc/o

Flesh

Spin/o

Spine/ backbone

Thel/o, theli/o

Nipple

Thorac/o

Chest

Tranche/o

Trachea, windpipe

Umbilic/o

Navel, umbilicus

Ventr/o

Belly side of the body

Vertebr/o

Vertebra(e), backbone(s)

Viscer/o

Internal organs

Ana-

Up

Cata-

Down

Epi-

Above

Hypo-

Below

Inter-

Between

Intra-

Within

Meta-

Change

-eal

Pertaining to

-iac

Pertaining to

-ior

Pertaining to

-ism

Process, condition

-ose

Pertaining to, full of

-plasm

Formation

-somes

Bodies

-type

Picture, classification