Anatomy Lecture Review: Body Wall, Systems & Back

Comprehensive set of 175 fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering anatomical terminology, systems overview, osteology and musculature of the back, spinal cord anatomy, meninges, and thorax structures.

In the anatomical position, the body is standing __________ with eyes facing forward.

erect

In the anatomical position, the palms of the hands face __________.

anteriorly

In the anatomical position, the upper limbs are positioned at the __________ of the body.

side

In the anatomical position, the big toes face __________.

anteriorly

A __________ plane cuts the body into right and left parts.

sagittal

The __________ plane divides the body into equal right and left halves.

midsagittal

The coronal plane is also referred to as the __________ plane.

frontal

The coronal plane lies at an angle of __________ degrees relative to a sagittal plane.

90

A coronal plane cuts the body into __________ and posterior parts.

anterior

A transverse plane cuts the body into __________ and inferior parts.

superior

The transverse plane lies at an angle of 90° to both the sagittal and __________ planes.

coronal

The directional term __________ means toward the front of the body.

anterior

The directional term ventral is synonymous with __________.

anterior

The directional term posterior is synonymous with __________.

dorsal

The directional term __________ means closer to the feet or lower part of a structure.

inferior

The directional term caudal means toward the __________ or tail end.

feet

The term __________ refers to a structure being nearer to the midline of the body.

medial

The term __________ refers to a structure being farther away from the midline of the body.

lateral

In the limbs, a structure that is closer to the point of attachment or origin is described as __________.

proximal

In the limbs, a structure that is farther from the point of attachment or origin is described as __________.

distal

The directional term __________ refers to the palm side of the hand.

palmar

The directional term __________ refers to the sole side of the foot.

plantar

The term __________ describes a structure located closer to the body surface.

superficial

The term __________ describes a structure located farther inward from the body surface.

deep

A structure occurring on only one side of the body is described as __________.

unilateral

Structures occurring on both the right and left sides of the body are described as __________.

bilateral

The term __________ means occurring on the same side of the body.

ipsilateral

The term __________ means occurring on the opposite side of the body.

contralateral

A coronal section passing through both ears divides the body into anterior and __________ parts.

posterior

Relatively speaking, the ankle lies __________ to the thigh.

distal

In terms of depth, the brain is __________ to the skull.

deep

In the anatomical position, the feet are placed __________.

together

There are never anterior and posterior __________ produced by a coronal section.

halves

The directional term cranial means toward the __________.

head

Lateral means away from the __________ line of the body.

median

The dorsal body cavity contains the cranial cavity and the __________ cavity.

vertebral

The cranial cavity contains the __________.

brain

The vertebral cavity contains the __________.

spinal cord

The ventral body cavity is divided into the thoracic cavity and the __________ cavity.

abdominopelvic

The muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity is the __________.

diaphragm

The external surface enclosing the body cavities is called the body __________.

wall

The outermost layer of the skin is the __________, which is composed of epithelial tissue.

epidermis

The epidermis is avascular and receives __________ general somatic afferent innervation.

GSA

The connective tissue layer of skin deep to the epidermis is the __________.

dermis

The smooth muscle attached to hair follicles in the dermis is called the __________ muscle.

arrector pili

Sebaceous and sweat glands in the dermis receive __________ innervation.

GVE

The layer lying immediately deep to the dermis, composed largely of adipose tissue, is the __________.

hypodermis

Hypodermis is another name for __________ fascia.

superficial

Cutaneous neurovascular structures travel within the __________ fascia.

superficial

The layer of deep fascia that completely surrounds an individual muscle is called the __________.

epimysium

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called __________.

arteries

A communication between blood vessels that allows collateral circulation is called an __________.

anastomosis

Microscopic thin-walled vessels connecting the arterial and venous sides of circulation are __________.

capillaries

The interchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products occurs across the __________ bed.

capillary

Companion veins that accompany a single artery are called venae __________.

comitantes

One primary function of the lymphatic system is the absorption and transport of fat called __________ from the intestines.

chyle

Clear-to-white lymphatic fluid consists primarily of interstitial fluid, lymphocytes, and __________.

chyle

Thoracic lymph from structures below the diaphragm drains into a saccular dilation called the cisterna __________.

chyli

The cisterna chyli originates at the level of the __________ vertebra.

L2

The thoracic duct enters the thorax through the __________ hiatus of the diaphragm.

aortic

The aortic hiatus is located at the vertebral level of __________.

T12

The thoracic duct ascends through the posterior mediastinum between the aorta and the __________ vein.

azygos

The thoracic duct terminates at the left __________ angle.

venous

The right lymphatic duct drains directly into the right __________ angle.

venous

The connective tissue covering that nourishes the external aspect of cartilage is the __________.

perichondrium

The connective tissue covering that surrounds bone and aids in fracture healing is the __________.

periosteum

Dense outer bone providing rigidity and calcium storage, making up 80% of the skeleton, is __________ bone.

compact

Highly porous bone containing trabeculae and red bone marrow is cancellous or __________ bone.

spongy

Bone marrow contained in the open spaces of cancellous bone is responsible for __________.

hematopoiesis

Cuboidal-shaped bones found only in the wrist and ankle are classified as __________ bones.

short

Bones that develop within tendons to increase muscle leverage, such as the patella, are __________ bones.

sesamoid

The long, straight midsection/shaft of a long bone is called the __________.

diaphysis

The site of the growth plate located between the epiphysis and diaphysis is the __________.

metaphysis

A large, nonarticular projection adjacent to a condyle is called an __________.

epicondyle

A passage or hole through a bone for neurovascular structures is a __________.

foramen

Immovable joints that occur only between bones of the skull are called __________.

sutures

Peg-in-socket fibrous joints between teeth and bone sockets are __________.

gomphoses

Joints where bones are united by fibrocartilage, such as the pubic symphysis, are __________.

symphyses

Temporary cartilaginous joints united by hyaline cartilage between ossification centers are __________.

synchondroses

The inner layer of a joint capsule that secretes lubricating fluid is the __________ membrane.

synovial

Joints permitting movement around a single central axis, such as the atlanto-axial joint, are __________ joints.

pivot

Multi-axial synovial joints permitting movement in all planes are __________ joints.

ball-and-socket

Involuntary, non-striated muscle found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels is __________ muscle.

smooth

Voluntary, striated muscle supplied by the somatic nervous system is __________ muscle.

skeletal

The less movable, proximal attachment point of a muscle is its __________.

origin

The end point or more movable attachment of a muscle is its __________.

insertion

Collections of neuronal cell bodies located outside the CNS in the peripheral nervous system are __________.

ganglia

Bundles of myelinated neuronal processes running together in the CNS form __________ matter.

white

Non-myelinated neuronal cell bodies in the CNS form __________ matter.

gray

There are __________ pairs of spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord.

31

There are 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 __________ pair of spinal nerves.

coccygeal

Neurons that convey impulses between sensory and motor neurons strictly within the CNS are __________.

interneurons

General somatic efferent (GSE) fibers supply motor signals to __________ muscle.

skeletal

General visceral efferent (GVE) fibers supply motor signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and __________.

glands

Sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies are located in the lateral horn gray matter of spinal segments T1 to __________.

L2

Parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies originate in cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and spinal segments S2 to __________.

S4

The human vertebral column typically consists of __________ vertebrae organized into 5 regions.

33

The spinous process of vertebra __________ is known as the vertebra prominens because it is most prominent.

C7

The root of the scapular spine corresponds to the spinous process of the __________ vertebra.

T3

The highest point of the iliac crests lies at the level of the spinous process of __________.

L4