PLTW 1.3 & 1.4

Sound

Mechanical energy transmitted by longitudinal pressure waves

Pitch

Number of vibrations per second, higher frequency means higher pitch

Intensity

Energy or loudness, higher amplitude means higher intensity

Pinna

Collects sound wave, channels to ear canal

Tympanic membrane

Eardrum, sound waves hit and it vibrates

Ossicles ( malleus, incus and stapes)

Tiny bones that amplify vibration

Stapes

Strikes oval window, create fluid waves in cochlea

Sensory hair cells

Fluid motion bends hair, triggers electrical impulses

Cochlea nerve

transmits impulses to auditory cortex

Ear

Hearing and fluid allows balance/pressure release

Conductive hearing loss

Hearing impairment from interference with sound waves to cochlea

Sensorineural hearing loss

hearing loss from problems with the cochlea nerve, sensory hair cells, or inner ear

Audiogram

Right ear= red o, bone conduction marked with <

Left ear= marked with blue x, bone conduction marked with >

Hearing thresholds

0-20, normal and 41-55 moderate loss

Air bone gap

Bone conduction is significantly better than air conduction - indicates conductive hearing loss, if both are poor, sensorineural loss

Rinne test

Uses a tuning fork to compare bone and air conduction

Speech in noise test

Evaluates patient comprehension by testing ability to distinguish words around background intensity, sensorineural hearing loss

Hearing aids

Electronic device amplifies sound, helps conductive hearing loss

Cochlear implant

Converts waves into electrical signals, helps sensorineural hearing loss

Innate immunity

Immediate, non specific response to any pathogen, skin, mucus, macrophages

Acquired immunity

Specific, learned, response developed after exposure to an antigen

Antigen

Foreign macromolecule eliciting an immune response

Antibody

Antigen binding immunoglobulin produced by b cells that are an effect of immune response

Edward Jenner

Smallpox vaccine, exposure to harmless antigen=immune memory

Killed vaccine

Uses dead pathogen

Live attenuated vaccine

Uses weakend version of pathogen

Toxoid

Targets toxins produced by pathogen

Subunit

uses only a specific piece of pathogen like a protein

Naked DNA

Uses a gene from pathogen to trigger immune response

Recombinant vector

Use harmless virus to deliver pathogen dna

Recombinant DNA technology

Vaccine against hepatitis b, use viral protein and insert into bacterial plasmid

Recombinant process

Plasmid, restriction enzyme cuts plasmid and cuts out gene of interest, use ligase to glue it into plasmid-plasmid only cut once

Plasmid rules

Don’t cut origin of replication-plasmid has to be able to replicate

Do not cut antibiotic resistance gene- have to make sure plasmid is successful

Don’t use enzyme that cuts DNA into tiny pieces-could lose important parts

Do not cut off more than 20 base pairs on each side

Use enzyme that makes sticky ends, not blunt- fits together and glues better

Attack rate

Ill people/total people at risk

Cohort study

Long term, same people, exposed vs non exposed

Case control study

RIght now, cases ( with disease) are compared to controls (healthy)