A&P II Exam #1 (Blood and Cardiovascular System)

formed elements

cellular components of blood: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, 25-33%

plasma

liquid part of blood, yellow/clear, has proteins (albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen)

average blood volume

4-5 L

hematocrit

volume percentage of RBCs in a sample of centrifuged blood

normal hematocrit value

45%

erythrocyte

a red blood cell that transports O2, and CO2, made up of hemoglobin protein, no nucleus

biconcave disk

donut-shape on RBC, can fold to give blood to small capillaries

hemoglobin

oxygen-carrying compound in RBCs

buffy coat

thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separates RBCs from plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood

size of erythrocyte

about 7.5 um

Erythropoietin

a hormone that the kidney sends to the bone marrow to make more RBCs

heme

iron

Biliverdin

green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is split into a waste product; converts to bilirubin in the liver

Bilirubin

yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme and is further broken down into waste products

anemia

iron deficiency (loss of RBCs)

vasospasm

when blood vessels constrict

platelets

within the buffy coat; help with blood clotting

platelet plug formation

when platelets come into contact with collagen and create a plug

serotonin

chemical released from platelets in order for more platelets to help clot

prothrombin activator

inactive itself, but helps activate prothrombin

prothrombin

inactive itself, but with the help of Ca2+ it activates thrombin

thrombin

active itself and produces fibrinogen

fibrinogen

insoluble plasma protein produced in the liver and involved in blood clotting

fibrin

active strands that produce the final process of a blood clot formation

thrombus

cluster of platelets, erythrocytes, and even WBCs typically trapped within a mass of fibrin strands

embolus

thrombus that has broken free from the blood vessel wall and entered the circulation

antigen

molecules that trigger an immune response

antibody

proteins that neutralize foreign objects

Rh factor

determine (+) or (-) blood types

universal blood donor

O-

universal blood recepient

AB+

leukocyte

a white blood cell that helps fight infections

neutrophil

granulocyte, most common WBC, the “first responders”, professional phagocytes, 3-5 nucleus lobes, 54-62%

eosinophil

granulocytes that stain with eosin, release antihistamines, fight against parasitic worms, 1-3%, bilobed nucleus, red-orange granules

basophil

granulocyte, stain with a basic (alkaline) stain, store histamine and heparin, less than 1%, dark blue granules, obscure nucleus

monocyte

agranulocyte, largest WBC, convert into macrophages and die when job is done, 3-9%, horseshoe nucleus

lymphocyte

agranulocyte, very specific, adaptive immune response, B and T cells, large round nucleus

granulocyte

cells that have granules

agranulocyte

cells that don’t have granules

DIFF

differential WBC count; measures the relative percentage of each type of leukocyte

plasma

the liquid part of blood, yellow/clear, has proteins (albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen)

globulin(s)

lipid transport, plasminogen, hormones and antibodies

albumins

most abundant plasma protein, major role in osmotic pressure

plasma gases

O2, CO2, N2

NPNS

non-protein nitrogenous substances (wastes)

Major NPNS’s

urea, uric acid, creatinine, creatine, bilirubin

electrolytes

essential minerals in blood that carry a positive or negative electric charge

hemostasis

process when blood seals a ruptured blood vessel, and prevents further blood loss

tPA

protein that facilitates the breakdown of blood clots

warfarin

a blood thinner that reduces the formation of blood clots

heparin

short-acting blood thinner stored in mast cells and released when tissues are injured, opposes prothrombin

What are the steps in hemoglobin recycling?

First, hemoglobin is broken up in the liver and the spleen, then hemoglobin gets degraded

What happens to the heme when its degraded?

the heme (iron) goes to storage, is reused or is lost by menstruation or injury OR turns into biliverdin, then bilirubin, bile, and feces

What happens to the globin part of hemoglobin when it is degraded in the liver?

it gets hydrolyzed into free aminoacids

How long do erythrocytes last?

120 days

Why do erythrocytes last only 120 days?

they don’t have a nucleus which prevents them from synthesizing proteins or repairing themselves, so they must be replaced

Where are red blood cell produced?

red bone marrow

explain how RBC production is regulated.

controlled by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO)

primary function of RBCs

transport O2 and CO2

Three nutrients vital for RBC production

folic acid, iron, and vitamin B12

Why is clot formation a complicated process?

if it’s not done right (too little or too much) it could cause damage to vital organs (heart or brain)

Steps involved in hemostasis

Vascular spasm (smooth muscles contract), formation of platelet plug (platelets stick together), and coagulation (solidify blood clot)

What antigens and antibodies are on type A blood?

A antigens, Anti-B antibodies

What antigens and antibodies are on type B blood?

B antigens, Anti-A antibodies

What antigens and antibodies are on type O blood?

no A or B antigens, both A and B antibodies

What antigens and antibodies are on type AB blood?

A and B antigens, no A or B antibodies

What would happen if a person with Rh- blood is transfused with Rh+ blood?

RH- blood cells would not recognize the Rh factor and their antibodies would attack it, causing hemolysis

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, monocyte, lymphocyte

According to a DIFF, what does it mean if neutrophil levels are elevated?

bacterial infection

According to a DIFF, what does it mean if basophil levels are elevated?

chicken pox, some cancers, hypothyroidism, anaphylaxis

According to a DIFF, what does it mean if eosinophil levels are elevated?

allergic reactions, parasitic worm infection, anaphylaxis

According to a DIFF, what does it mean if monocyte levels are elevated?

malaria, TB, fungal infections

According to a DIFF, what does it mean if leukocyte levels are elevated?

mononucleosis, pertussis, viral infection

How much blood does an average person have in their body?

4-5L

Why is blood red?

from the iron in hemoglobin

What color is venous blood?

bright red (in arteries it’s a darker red)

Why is O- the universal donor blood type?

O- doesn’t have any antigens or antibodies on the surface, so it won’t recognize anything as foreign

Why is AB+ the universal blood recipient?

because it has both sets of antigens but no antibodies

basic functions of blood

transport, regulate, protect

composition of blood

plasma, RBCs, and WBCs

composition of plasma

water, proteins (albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen), gases, electrolytes, nutrients, waste, hormones and enzymes

Normal % of hematocrit

45%

When whole blood is centrifuged, the layer of leukocytes and thrombocytes is called the

buffy coat

This protein comprises about 1/3 of the contents of a healthy erythrocyte

hemoglobin

________ is secreted in response to lowered O2 carrying capacity in the blood. Its target tissue is _________.

erythropoietin (EPO); red bone marrow

As the number of RBCs increases, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood…

increases

Nutrients required for RBC synthesis

iron, copper, zinc, vitamin B12, folate, amino acids, lipids, and glucose

Thrombin is activated by

prothrombin activator activating prothrombin and prothrombin and Ca2+

Why is vasospasm a beneficial first-reaction to blood vessel damage?

it immediately reduces blood flow and blood loss

What substance causes platelets to form a platelet plug?

collagen and ADP

What do hemolysins do?

destroy RBCs

What drug would you give to someone with an embolism (blood clot becomes an obstacle)?

anticoagulants (not blood thinners) or thrombolytics (helps quickly restore blood flow)

Someone who is infected with Schistosoma mansonii (a parasitic roundworm) should have elevated ________ on his or her DIFF.

eosinophils

Someone has a platelet count of 50,000 per mm3 (low count). From what condition will they likely suffer?

excessive bleeding or impaired clotting (thrombocytopenia)

Which of the following would be a reasonable white blood cell count for someone with leukemia (cancer of the white blood cells)?

very elevated WBC count (above normal 5,000-10,000)

Structure of erythrocytes

biconcave disc, no nucleus, no mitochondria, no ER, flexible membrane

Structure of hemoglobin

4 heme groups (contain iron), 4 globin group chain, entire thing bind to 4 oxygen molecules

Breakdown products of hemoglobin

heme (iron) recycled or biliverdin, bilirubin, bile; globin amino acids

Basic process of erythropoiesis

low oxygen in blood, kidneys detect low O2, kidneys release EPO (erythropoietin), red bone marrow increases RBC production, oxygen-carrying capacity rises, EPO secretion decreases (negative feedback)

Causes of anemia

blood loss, deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, and folate, bone marrow disorders, sickle-cell disease