Foundations in biology part 1

movement

Ability of an organism to change its position

respiration

A chemical reaction in which glucose is broken down to release energy within cells

sensitivity

The ability to detect and respond to changes in the surroundings

Homeostasis

the maintenance of a constant internal environment such as body water content and body temperature

growth

the permanent increase in dry mass of an organism, usually from an increase in cell number or cell size

reproduction

The process of creating new organisms

Excretion

the removal of metabolic waste from the body or plant

Nutrition

The means of obtaining food

organelle

Small structure within a cell that carries out a particular function

cell

Basic building block of all life

Tissue

A group of similar specialised cells working together to perform a particular function, such as muscle tissue

organ

a group of similar tissues working together to perform a particular function, such as the stomach or the heart

Organ system

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function, such as circulatory or respiratory systems

Nucleus

Stores the DNA and controls the inside of the cell

cytoplasm

Site of chemical reactions

Cell membrane

Controls what goes in and out of cells

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

Mitochondria

Site of aerobic respiration

Chloroplast

Contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis

Vacuole

Stores cell sap and provides support for the cell

Cell wall

Gives the cell structure and support/maintains cells shape. Made of cellulose

Chemical elements of carbohydrates

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Chemical elements of Lipids

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Chemical elements of proteins

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, (sulpher)

What is the structure of Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

Large molecules made up from smaller basic units

Starch and glycogen structure

Glucose-simple sugars

Starch-chain of glucose

Protein structure

Chain of amino acids

Lipid structure

Glycerol backbone, and 3 fatty acid tails

What are enzymes?

Biological catalysts in metabolic reactions

What are common features of plants?

• Multicellular organisms that contain chloroplasts, cell walls and vacuoles

• They store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose

• They carry out photosynthesis

• flowering plants/beans

What are common features of animals?

• Multicellular organisms that don’t contain organisms and cant perform photosynthesis

• They usually have nervous co-ordination and are able to move from one place to another

• they store carbohydrates as glycogen

• mammals/insects

What can temperature and pH do to an enzyme?

too high temperature and too extreme pH causes an enzyme to denature.

Substrate

A molecule that has a specific shape and binds to the active site of an enzyme

What is the equations involving I, A and M

I=AxM

Why is it important to stain onion cells?

It reacts with starch in the cell and makes it more visible under a microscope

Test for starch

• Iodine solution

• Orange/brown-blue/black

Test for glucose

• Benedict solution

• blue-green/yellow/orange/brick red

• Add to a hot water bath

Test for Protein

• Biuret solution

• leave for 10 minutes

• blue-lilac

Test for lipids

• Ethanol

• Place a bung on the test tube and shake

• Colourless-white emulsion

What does CORMMSS stand for?

• C-what are you going to change/independent variable

• O-what organism are you using, what will you keep the same about the organism

• R-How many times will you repeat the experiment

• M-what is the dependant variable/measure

• M-How long will you wait

• Sx2-what are control variables/stay the same

What is the experiment for enzymes and temperature?

• Add milk to one test tube and tripsin to another

• place the test tubes in a water bath and leave for 10 minutes

• Place a laminated x under a conical flask and add the contents of the 2 test tubes into the flask

• swirl the mixture and then set a timer and stop it when you can see the x again

• Repeat the procedure with different temperatures