AP Bio Unit 1

RNA

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

What are the three groups in an amino acid?

amino group, R group, carboxyl group

How are R-groups sorted?

by polarity

dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water, caused by peptide bonds between amino groups and carboxyl groups

What elements make an R-group polar?

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur

Primary Structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

Secondary Structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

Tertiary Structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

What are the ends of the primary structure called?

N-terminus, Carboxy-terminus

What are the other names for secondary structure?

Alpha helix, Beta Sheet

Bonds involved in primary structure

Peptide bonds

Bonds involved in secondary structure

hydrogen bonds

Bonds involved in tertiary structure

Hydrogen, ionic, disulfide, and hydrophobic interactions.

Where do animo acids with nonpolar R-groups usually gravitate to in tertiary structure?

The inside. Polar ones move outside to make more hydrogen bonds.

What kind of bond do amino acids with sulfur in them make?

Disulfide bonds

The parts of DNA

Phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, 4 nitrogen bases

names of the nitrogen bases in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

replaces thymine in RNA strands

uracil

sugar-phosphate backbone

a repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate

What kind of structure does DNA have due to its alternating sugars?

antiparallel

larger nitrogen bases are called

purines

smaller nitrogen bases are called

pyrimidines

bonds two nitrogen bases

hydrogen bond

complementary base-pairing

In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C;

RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C

DNA is double stranded, RNA is…

single stranded

carbon 1' of a deoxyribose attaches to…

the nitrogen base

carbon 5' of a deoxyribose attaches to…

the phosphate group

carbon 3' of a deoxyribose attaches to..

adjacent nucleotides through phosphodiester bonds

hydrocarbon is another name for…

lipid

are lipids polar or nonpolar?

nonpolar

saturated fatty acids can ______ more tightly

pack

unsaturated fatty acids are often _____ at room temperature

liquid

Phospholipids

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

parts of a phospholipid

hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

hydrophilic heads of a phospholipid face __

outside

hydrophobic tails of a phospholipid face __

inside

cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance, a property of water, causes surface tension

adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances, property of water, causes capillary action

why is ice less dense than water?

when water freezes, the water molecules are held in a rigid lattice which holds the molecules further apart

what elements are in lipids?

C, H, (o)

what elements are in carbohydrates?

C, H, O

what elements are in nucleic acids?

C, H, O, N, P

What elements are in proteins?

C, H, O, N, S

another term for protein

polypeptide

monomer name of proteins

amino acids

monomer name of nucleic acids

nucleotides

monomer name of carbohydrates

monosaccharides

other name for nucleic acids

polynucleotide

other name for carbohydrate

polysaccharide

other name for lipids

hydrocarbon