Pharmacology: Clinical Indications and Drug Classes

Flashcards covering pharmacological indications, receptor classes, and representative drugs for autonomic nervous system pharmacology, local anesthetics, and emergency conditions.

Acute Arterial Hypotension (Hipotensiune arterială acută)

An acute drop in blood pressure treated with α1-adrenomimetics (Fenilefrină, Midodrină, Metaraminol), αβ-adrenomimetics (Norepinefrină, Epinefrină clorhidrat), sympathomimetics (Efedrină clorhidrat), and dopaminomimetics (Dopamină).

Anaphylactic Shock (Șoc anafilactic)

A severe systemic allergic reaction managed with non-selective αβ-adrenomimetics (Epinefrină, Norepinefrină), sympathomimetics (Efedrină clorhidrat), and β2-adrenomimetics (Salbutamol, Fenoterol).

Bronchial Asthma Attacks (Accese de astm bronșic)

Acute bronchospastic episodes managed with short-acting β2-adrenomimetics / SABA (Salbutamol, Fenoterol, Terbutalină), M-cholinoblockers (Ipratropiu bromid, Atropină), αβ-adrenomimetics (Epinefrină), and non-selective β1,β2-adrenomimetics (Izoprenalină).

Bronchial Asthma Maintenance Treatment (Tratamentul astmului bronșic)

Long-term respiratory management utilizing long-acting β2-adrenomimetics / LABA (Salmeterol, Formoterol, Indacaterol), long-acting M-cholinoblockers (Tiotropiu bromid, Aclidiniu bromid, Umeclidiniu bromid), and sympathomimetics (Efedrină clorhidrat).

Acute Heart Failure (Insuficiență cardiacă acută)

An acute cardiac pump dysfunction treated using β1-adrenomimetics (Dobutamină), dopaminomimetics (Dopamină, Ibopamină), and αβ-adrenomimetics (Epinefrină clorhidrat).

Rhinitis (Rinite)

Nasal mucosa inflammation treated with decongestant α2-adrenomimetics (Nafazolină, Xilometazolină, Oximetazolină), α1-adrenomimetics (Fenilefrină), and sympathomimetics (Efedrină clorhidrat, Pseudoefedrină).

Cardiogenic Shock (Șoc cardiogen)

Shock resulting from primary cardiac dysfunction treated with dopaminomimetics (Dopamină), β1-adrenomimetics (Dobutamină), and αβ-adrenomimetics (Epinefrină, Norepinefrină clorhidrat).

Hypoglycemic Coma (Comă hipoglicemică)

Severe neuroglycopenic state managed pharmacologically with αβ-adrenomimetics (Epinefrină clorhidrat) and sympathomimetics (Efedrină clorhidrat).

Conjunctivitis (Conjunctivite)

Ocular inflammation treated with M-cholinoblockers (Atropină, Tropicamidă, Ciclopentolat), α1-adrenomimetics (Fenilefrină), and α2-adrenomimetics (Nafazolină, Xilometazolină).

Acute Respiratory Infections (Infecții respiratorii acute)

Respiratory conditions managed pharmacologically with sympathomimetics (Efedrină clorhidrat, Pseudoefedrină), α2-adrenomimetics (Nafazolină, Xilometazolină), and β2-adrenomimetics (Salbutamol).

Trophic Leg Ulcers (Ulcere trofice ale gambei)

Chronic peripheral vascular ulcers treated with non-selective α-adrenoblockers (Dihidroergotoxină, Fentolamină, Tolazolină, Propoxan) and anticholinesterases (Neostigmină, Galantamină).

Prostate Adenoma / BPH (Adenom de prostată)

Prostatic hyperplasia treated using uroselective α1-adrenoblockers (Tamsulosină, Alfuzosină, Silodosină), antihypertensive α1-adrenoblockers (Prazosină, Doxazosină, Terazosină), and M-cholinomimetics (Aceclidină).

Myocardial Infarction (Infarct miocardic)

Acute ischemic myocardial necrosis treated with cardioselective β1-adrenoblockers (Metoprolol, Atenolol, Bisoprolol), non-selective β-adrenoblockers (Propranolol, Timolol), and mixed αβ-adrenoblockers (Carvedilol).

Migraine (Migrenă)

Vascular headache disorder treated with Ergot alkaloids (Dihidroergotoxină, Ergotamină, Dihidroergotamină) and β-adrenoblockers (Propranolol, Timolol, Nadolol).

Metrorrhagia (Metroragii)

Uterine bleeding outside of menstruation treated with Ergot alkaloids / Secară cornută alkaloids (Ergotamină, Dihidroergotoxină, Dihidroergotamină).

Hypertensive Crisis (Criză hipertensivă)

Severe acute blood pressure elevation managed with αβ-adrenoblockers (Labetalol), synthetic α1,α2-adrenoblockers (Fentolamină, Fenoxibenzamină, Tropodifen), sympatholytics (Rezerpină, Metildopa), and ganglion blockers (Hexametoniu, Trepiriu, Azametoniu).

Pheochromocytoma (Feocromocitom)

Catecholamine-secreting tumor managed with non-selective α-adrenoblockers (Fentolamină, Fenoxibenzamină), α1-adrenoblockers (Prazosină, Doxazosină), and β-adrenoblockers (Propranolol, Atenolol).

Vascular Spasms (Spasme vasculare)

Vasospastic conditions treated with α-adrenoblockers (Fentolamină, Dihidroergotoxină), α1-adrenoblockers (Prazosină), sympatholytics (Guanetidină), and M-cholinoblockers (Platifilină, Atropină).

Arterial Hypertension (Hipertensiune arterială)

Chronic elevated arterial blood pressure managed with α1-adrenoblockers (Prazosină, Terazosină, Doxazosină), β-adrenoblockers (Propranolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol), αβ-adrenoblockers (Labetalol, Carvedilol), and sympatholytics (Metildopa, Rezerpină, Guanetidină).

Angina Pectoris (Angină pectorală)

Ischemic chest pain treated with cardioselective β1-adrenoblockers (Atenolol, Bisoprolol, Metoprolol), non-selective β-adrenoblockers (Propranolol), and αβ-adrenoblockers (Carvedilol).

Cardiac Arrhythmias (Aritmii cardiace)

Rhythm disturbances treated using β-adrenoblockers (Sotalol, Propranolol, Metoprolol, Atenolol), cardioselective β1-adrenoblockers (Bisoprolol), and M-cholinoblockers (Atropină sulfat).

Hyperthyroidism (Hipertiroidism)

Thyroid hyperfunction whose adrenergic manifestations are treated with non-selective β-adrenoblockers (Propranolol) and cardioselective β1-adrenoblockers (Atenolol, Metoprolol, Bisoprolol).

Obliterating Endarteritis of the Lower Limbs (Endarterită obliterantă a m. inferioare)

Peripheral occlusive arterial disease managed with α-adrenoblockers (Fentolamină, Dihidroergotoxină, Tolazolină), α1-adrenoblockers (Prazosină), and M-cholinomimetics or anticholinesterases (Aceclidină, Neostigmină).

Open-Angle Glaucoma (Glaucom deschis)

Ocular condition characterized by elevated intraocular pressure treated with M-cholinomimetics (Pilocarpină), anticholinesterases (Neostigmină), β-adrenoblockers (Timolol), and α2-adrenomimetics (Clonidină).

Closed-Angle Glaucoma (Glaucom închis)

Acute or chronic angle-closure glaucoma treated with M-cholinomimetics (Pilocarpină), β-adrenoblockers (Timolol), and α2-adrenomimetics (Clonidină).

Urinary Bladder Atony (Atonia vezicii urinare)

Loss of bladder smooth muscle tone managed with anticholinesterases (Neostigmină, Galantamină, Fizostigmină), M-cholinomimetics (Aceclidină, Pilocarpină), and α-adrenoblockers (Prazosină, Tamsulosină).

Intestinal Atony (Atonia intestinală)

Lack of normal intestinal smooth muscle tone treated with anticholinesterases (Neostigmină, Galantamină, Piridostigmină) and M-cholinomimetics (Aceclidină, Pilocarpină).

Stimulation of Respiration (Stimularea respirației)

Pharmacological activation of breathing achieved using N-cholinomimetics (Cititon, Lobelină, Anabazină) and β2-adrenomimetics (Salbutamol, Fenoterol).

Myasthenia Gravis (Miastenia gravis)

Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder treated with reversible anticholinesterases (Neostigmină, Galantamină, Piridostigmină) and M-cholinoblockers (Atropină, Scopolamină) to counteract muscarinic side effects.

Xerostomia (Xerostomie)

Dry mouth syndrome managed with salivary stimulants including M-cholinomimetics (Pilocarpină, Aceclidină) and anticholinesterases (Neostigmină, Galantamină, Fizostigmină).

Residual Phenomena of Brain Trauma (Fenomene reziduale ale traumei cerebrale)

Neurological sequelae of cerebral injuries treated with centrally acting anticholinesterases (Galantamină, Rivastigmină, Fizostigmină).

Residual Phenomena of Peripheral Nerve Trauma (Fenomene reziduale ale traumei SNP)

Sequelae of peripheral nervous system injury treated with reversible anticholinesterases (Neostigmină, Galantamină, Ambenoniu).

Residual Phenomena of Poliomyelitis (Fenomene reziduale ale poliomielitei)

Motor sequelae following poliovirus infection managed with reversible anticholinesterases (Neostigmină, Galantamină, Ambenoniu).

Alzheimer's Disease (Boala Alzheimer)

Neurodegenerative dementia treated with centrally active anticholinesterases (Galantamină, Rivastigmină, Fizostigmină).

Organophosphate Poisoning (Intoxicație cu comp. organofosforici)

Toxic crisis treated with cholinesterase reactivators (Trimedoxim, Obidoxim, Izonitrozină) and the muscarinic antagonist M-cholinoblocker Atropină sulfat.

Fly Agaric / Amanita Muscaria Poisoning (Intoxicație cu burete pestriț)

Muscarinic toxic crisis treated using M-cholinoblockers (Atropină sulfat, Scopolamină bromhidrat).

Smoking Cessation (Combaterea fumatului)

Therapy aimed at nicotine withdrawal utilizing N-cholinomimetics (Cititon, Nicotină, Lobelină).

Atropine Poisoning (Intoxicație cu atropină)

Anticholinergic overdose treated with tertiary, reversible anticholinesterases capable of reversing central and peripheral toxicity (Fizostigmină, Galantamină, Neostigmină).

Broncho-Obstructive Diseases (Maladii bronhoobstructive)

Obstructive airway diseases managed with M-cholinoblockers (Ipratropiu, Tiotropiu, Metociniu) and SABA/LABA β2-adrenomimetics (Salbutamol, Fenoterol, Formoterol).

Intestinal Spasm (Spasm intestinal)

Hyperactive intestinal motility treated with general M-cholinoblockers (Platifilină, Scopolamină, Atropină), peripheral M-cholinoblockers (Scobutil), and β2-adrenomimetics (Salbutamol).

Biliary Colic (Colică biliară)

Acute biliary smooth muscle spasm treated with M-cholinoblockers (Platifilină, Scopolamină, Atropină) and β2-adrenomimetics (Salbutamol).

Peptic Ulcer with Hypersecretion (Ulcer cu hipersecreție)

Gastric hyperacidity and ulceration treated with selective M1-cholinoblockers (Pirenzepină), non-selective M-cholinoblockers (Platifilină, Atropină, Scopolamină), and ganglion blockers (Hexametoniu).

Examination of the Ocular Fundus (Cercetarea fundului de ochi)

Diagnostic ophthalmic procedure requiring mydriasis achieved with M-cholinoblockers (Tropicamidă, Scopolamină, Ciclopentolat) and α1-adrenomimetics (Fenilefrină).

Premedication (Premedicație)

Anesthetic pre-treatment aimed at reducing secretions and vagal reflexes using M-cholinoblockers (Atropină, Scopolamină, Platifilină) and β-adrenomimetics.

Atrioventricular Block (Bloc AV)

Cardiac conduction impairment treated with M-cholinoblockers (Atropină, Scopolamină, Platifilină) and β-adrenomimetics (Dobutamină, Izoprenalină).

Motion Sickness Prophylaxis (Profilaxia cinetozelor)

Prevention of kinetosis using the centrally active M-cholinoblocker Scopolamină bromhidrat.

Skeletal Muscle Relaxation (Relaxarea m. scheletici)

Neuromuscular blockade achieved using non-depolarizing N-cholinoblockers (Tubocurarină, Pancuroniu, Pipecuroniu) and depolarizing agents (Suxametoniu).

Tracheal Intubation (Intubarea traheei)

Facilitation of endotracheal tube placement using muscle-relaxant N-cholinoblockers (Suxametoniu, Tubocurarină).

Bone Repositioning (Repoziționarea oaselor)

Fracture reduction and manipulation facilitated by peripheral neuromuscular N-blockers (Suxametoniu, Tubocurarină).

Controlled Hypotension (Hipotensiune dirijată)

Intraoperative blood pressure reduction using short-acting ganglion blockers (Trepiriu, Hexametoniu, Trimetafan).

Surface Anesthesia (Anestezie de suprafață)

Topical mucosal and skin anesthesia using ester local anesthetics (Benzocaină, Tetracaină, Procaină) and amide local anesthetics (Lidocaină, Trimecaină, Bupivacaină).

Spinal Anesthesia (Anestezie rahidiană)

Subarachnoid regional anesthesia utilizing medium/long-acting amide local anesthetics (Bupivacaină, Lidocaină, Ropivacaină) and ester local anesthetics (Procaină, Tetracaină).

Epidural Anesthesia (Anestezie epidurală)

Epidural space regional anesthesia performed using amide local anesthetics (Bupivacaină, Lidocaină, Articaină) and ester local anesthetics (Procaină).

Infiltration Anesthesia (Anestezie prin infiltrație)

Direct tissue infiltration using ester local anesthetics (Procaină), amide local anesthetics (Lidocaină, Articaină, Trimecaină), and vasoconstrictors (Epinefrină).

Conduction / Nerve Block Anesthesia (Anestezie de conducere)

Regional nerve trunk blockade performed with amide local anesthetics (Lidocaină, Bupivacaină, Articaină), ester local anesthetics (Procaină), and vasoconstrictors (Epinefrină).

Topical Skin Processing (Prelucrarea pielii)

Dermatological local treatment utilizing topical local anesthetics (Benzocaină, Lidocaină, Procaină) and emollient preparations (Unguent de gălbenele).

Medicated Enema (Clisma medicamentoasă)

Rectal therapeutic administration using mucosal soothing and coating agents (Mucilagiu de amidon, semințe de in).

Treatment of Myositis (Tratamentul miozitului)

Management of muscle inflammation utilizing local anesthetics (Procaină, Lidocaină) and counter-irritant stimulants (Soluție de amoniac).

Acute Intoxications (Intoxicații acute)

Emergency toxicological management employing internal adsorbents (Cărbune activat, polimetilsiloxan polihidrat) and protective mucilaginous substances (Mucilagiu de amidon, albuș de ou).