Chapter 2 Test Study Guide

This is all based on the study guide he gave us. I genuinely don't know what he gonna quiz us on. :((((

American democracy was shaped by

English political heritage

Colonial experiments in self-government

Range of intellectual influences

Jamestown

-Started 1607

-First representative assembly (met in church July 30, 1619)

(Birthplace of American Democracy)

-In Virginia

English settlers ideas of government

-Limited Government

-Representative Government

-Individual Rights

Limited Government

Government is not all-powerful

Representative Government

Government should serve the will of the people

Individual Rights

Government should protect individual and property rights

Three Ships that landed on Plymouth Rock

The Susan Constant

The Godspeed

The Discovery

Social Contract

Belief that people agreed to form government to protect their rights.

Author: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher

Social Contract (1762)

Francois Marie Arouet

Pen Name: Voltaire

Argued for: Civil liberties (freedom of speech and religion)

Niccolo Machiavelli

-Wrote Discourse on Livy & The Prince

-Argued a republic survives through Cvic Virtue

-Three levels of society:

Monarch (the one)

Aristocracy (the few)

People (the many)

Civic Virtue

People put good of the republic before their own

William Blackstone

-English legal scholar

-Wrote Blackstone’s Commentaries the Laws of England (1765-69)

-Basis for law in the colonies

-Influenced the writing of the U.S. Constitution.

Judeo-Christian influences

Traditions common to both Judaism and Christianity.

Law & Individual Rights; seen as being of divine origin.

Protestant Reformation ideas: individual responsibility, freedom of worship, and self-government.

Adam Smith

Scottish Economist

-Ideas: Rights to Property, Protect Economic freedom

Wrote: The wealth of nations

Charles de Montesquieu

-Argued that government power had to be divided

-Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches  

-He called it separation of powers

Republicanism

Representative government ( ideas from ancient Greece and Rome)

Civic Virtue - Put the common good over private interests.

Aristotle - Unrestricted power in a king could lead to tyranny.

(Framers used classical Greek and Roman ideas about government when creating the Constitution)

Olive Branch Petition

-Final appeal to King George III

-Colonists pledged loyalty and asked him to repeal the new measures.

Common Sense

-a 47-page political pamphlet

-Author: Thomas Paine (Immigrant)

Key points:

-We have the power to begin the world all over again

-Monarchy is a bad form of government

-American colonies should be free from England & form own country

Samuel Adams

-Colonial leader

-Supported independence from Great Britain

  Sons of Liberty

-Secret colonial societies that sprang up across the colonies.

- Intimidated the stamp agents collecting Parliament’s taxes

James Madison (Virginia)

-Father of the Constitution

-Led in planning the convention

-Called for a new government

Thomas Jefferson (Virginia)

-Wrote most of the Declaration of Independence

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution

Albany Plan of Union

-FIrst plan to unite the colonies, proposed by Benjamin Franklin

  Iroquois Confederation

-Alliance of six Native American nations (the Mohawk,

(Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora)

-Formed in 1570 to end wars

(Resist European takeover)

  Federalist

-Group of people who supported the Adoption of the Constitution & Strong National Government

Anti-Federalist

Group of people who opposed the adoption of the U.S. Constitution

Federalist Papers

-Collection of 85 essays on the principles of government written in defense of the Constitution in 1787 and 1788.

Ratification

Formal approval

Boycott

-Refusal to buy or sell certain products or service

Magna Carta

A document: Introduced trial by juryand due process of law.

Petition of Rights

Limited the king’s powers and declared that monarchs must obey the laws.

English Bill of Rights

-Limited the monarch’s power

Protected: free speech, fair trials, and freedom from cruel and unusual punishment

Framers

Delegates to the Constitutional Convention are known as the

Framers of the Constitution

Great Compromise

Agreement at Constitutional Convention byRoger Sherman

Combined ideas of Virginia and New Jersey Plans

• Bicameral legislature

• House: Representation based on population

• Senate: Equal representation for each state

Royal colony

Controlled by the king through an appointed governor

Two-house legislature; lower house elected, upper house appointed by the king.

(Delaware, Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North and South Carolina, and Virginia were under the control of the Crown.) *You may not need to know this

Proprietary Colony

Based on agrant of land by the English monarch to a proprietor.

Proprietor: Could appoint officials and make laws

 Charter Colony

Operated under charters agreed to by the colony and the king

Government : Elected legislature made laws and appointed the governor

(Only Rhode Island and Connecticut remained as Charter Colonies after American Revolution)

Bicameral

Two house legislature

Virginia Plan

Representation based on population

Bicameral (two-house) legislature

Favored large states

More representatives for states with larger populations

New Jersey Plan

Equal representation for each state

Unicameral (one-house) legislature

Favored small states

Each state had one vote in Congress

Unicameral

Single house legislature

Publius

Pen name used by the Federalists

Declaration of Independence

-Declared the colonies independent from Great Britain

-Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation.

  Articles of Confederation

First U.S. government.

Gave most power to the states

Too weak to last

  Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

No president — No executive branch to enforce laws.

No national courts — No national court system.

No taxation — No power to tax or raise national funds.

No trade control — No power to regulate trade or currency.

Foreign affairs — Could not prohibit states from conducting foreign affairs.

9 of 13 — Major laws required approval of 9 of 13 states.

(He might ask to list like 2 on test)

Shay’s Rebellion

Revolt led byDaniel Shays to stop farm foreclosures

(Basically farmers couldn’t pay taxes so the government took it)

Who were the authors of the Federalist Papers?  How did the Federalist Papers contribute to the ratification debate? 

Authors-Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.

Purpose- Defended the Constitution and encouraged ratification.

Impact - Influenced people across the country and the ratification debate.

According to Thomas Paine, why was declaring independence from England “common sense”?

Thomas Paine — Believed monarchy was a bad form of government.

Independence — Colonies should become free from England and form their own country.

(Its common sense for colonies to be governed by themselves and not a king)