History Exam #2

History Exam #2 on Chapters 5 & 6

3 authors of The Federalist Papers 

1. John Jay 

2. James Madison 

3. Alexander Hamiliton 

Washington’s First Cabinet Position

Secretary of State: T. Jefferson 

Washington’s Second Cabinet Position

Secretary of Treasury: A. Hamiliton

Washington’s Third Cabinet Position

Secretary of War/Defense (good friend): H. Knox 

Washington’s Forth Cabinet Position

Attorney General: E. Randolph

Washington’s Vice President

J. Adams

Article One of the US Constitution

Legislative

Article Two of the US Constitution

Executive

Article Three of the US Constitution

Judicial

First Amendment

Freedom of:

1. Speech

2. Press

3. Assembly

4. Petition

5. Religion

Second Amendment

The right to bear arms

Third Amendment

Prohibits quartering soldiers in homes

Fourth Amendment

Protects from unreasonable searches and seizures

Fifth Amendment

Due process- no one can be denied life, liberty, or property without due process of the law.

Tenth Amendment

Powers reserved to the state: If something is not stated as a power that belongs exclusively to the government, it automatically belongs to the state.  

Second Constitutional Convention Compromise

The Electoral College Compromise: Creates electors to cast votes for the president.  

First Constitutional Convention Compromise

The Great compromise: Creates the Bicameral Legislature, making a House of Representatives and the Senate.

Third Constitutional Convention Compromise

The Three/Fifths Compromise: Says that 3/5ths of all the slaves will be counted for representation as well as taxes.

Fourth Constitutional Convention Compromise

The Slave Trade Compromise: Prevented Congress from banning the international slave trade for 20 years, until 1808. 

Charles Finney

A leading 19th-century revivalist preacher during the Second Great Awakening who emphasized personal conversion, individual responsibility for salvation, and active efforts to reform society, helping spread evangelical Christianity and revivalism in America. 

Cane Ridge

A major religious revival held in Kentucky in 1801, where thousands gathered for emotional preaching and worship; it helped spread evangelical Christianity and encouraged the growth of new Protestant movements.

Democratization of American Culture

The shift toward greater equality and participation among ordinary white Americans in religion, politics, and society, challenging traditional authority and allowing more people to influence public life. 

Massachusetts Rebellion in 1786 

An uprising of Massachusetts farmers, led by Daniel Shays, who protested high taxes, debt, and property foreclosures; the rebellion exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and helped prompt the Constitutional Convention of 1787 to strengthen the federal government.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Established a system for surveying and dividing western lands into townships and sections for sale, helping the federal government raise money and organize settlement in the Northwest Territory. 

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Established a process for territories to become states equal to the original states and prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory, while also outlining principles for territorial government and public education. 

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

A series of laws passed under President John Adams that increased the federal government's power over immigrants and criminalized certain criticisms of the government; they were highly controversial because they threatened freedom of speech and the press and intensified conflict between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. 

XYZ Affair (1797–1798)

During John Adams’s administration, French foreign minister Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand sent three agents (identified as X, Y, and Z) to demand bribes and a loan from American representatives before negotiating with France, angering Americans and increasing tensions that led to the Quasi-War with France. 

1796 Presidential Election

The first contested U.S. presidential election, in which Federalist John Adams defeated Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson; because the original Electoral College system made Jefferson the runner-up, he became vice president, creating a president and vice president from opposing political parties. 

Jay Treaty (1794)

Negotiated by John Jay with Great Britain to resolve lingering conflicts from the Revolutionary War, it avoided war and secured British withdrawal from forts in U.S. territory, but was unpopular because many Americans believed it favored Britain.

Pinckney Treaty (1795)

An agreement with Spain that gave Americans navigation rights on the Mississippi River and the right to store goods at New Orleans, helping western farmers transport and trade their products.

The Federalist Party

Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists supported a strong national government, a loose construction of the Constitution, a national bank, and an economy based on cities, manufacturing, and industry; they generally favored Great Britain and supported tariffs and excise taxes to raise government revenue. 

Democrat Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the Democratic-Republicans supported stronger state governments, a strict construction of the Constitution, and an agricultural economy centered on independent farmers; they generally favored France and opposed a national bank, protective tariffs, and excise taxes. 

President Washington’s Farewell Address 

Warned the United States against becoming divided by political parties and sectional conflicts. He encouraged national unity, advised against permanent foreign alliances (especially with European nations), and emphasized the importance of religion, morality, and education in maintaining a strong republic.