A&P 2 Module 5 - Digestive System

In the human body, what would be the optimum temperature for digestive enzymes?

37 degrees C

The majority of lipid digestion occurs in there…

small intestine

Carbs should compose what percentage of our daily caloric intake

45-65%

Proteins should compose what percentage of our daily caloric intake?

12-20%

Fats should compose what percentage of our daily caloric intake

20-35%

The enzyme called pepsin would work best at…

a low pH

a pH of less than 7 would be considered…

acidic

a pH of greater than 7 would be considered

alkaline

produces bile

liver

protein digestion begins in the…

stomach

Reduces the friction between the alimentary canal and the wall of the abdominal cavity

serosa

Small pouch where intestinal bacteria can grow

appendix

starch digestion begins in the

mouth

stores bile

gallbladder

The deepest of the alimentary canal tunics

mucosa

The ileocecal valve controls movement of food residue from the small intestine into the…

large intestine

The lamina propria belongs to which tunic?

mucosa

The muscularis mucosae belongs to which tunic?

mucosa

This sphincter closes the entrance to the stomach from the esophagus when food is not entering the stomach

cardiac sphincter

This sphincter controls the flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine

pyloric sphincter

This tunic functions in peristalsis

muscularis externa

Tunic that lines the lumen

mucosa

Name the final product of carbohydrate digestion

glucose

The breakdown glycogen into glucose occurs during a process called ___. This occurs when blood glucose levels start to become low

glycogenolysis

The formation of glucose from non-carb sources occurs during a process known as…

gluconeogenesis

a kilocalorie is defined as the amount of ___ energy that is required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree C

heat

The ___ valves in the rectum help to prevent feces from being passed with gas

rectal

The ___ anal sphincter is voluntarily controlled because it is composed of skeletal muscle

external

The ___ anal sphincter is voluntarily controlled because it is composed of smooth muscle. It automatically responds to stretching of the sigmoid colon by stools

internal

Name one of the final products of lipid digestion

fatty acids

What is the name of the substance secreted by the liver that functions to emulsify lipids in the small intestine

bile

This organ is divided into microscopic structures called lobules

liver

The liver functions to ___ blood leaving the stomach and intestine

cleanse

___ capillaries are the type of capillary found in the liver, because they are the most permeable and allow fluid in the blood to be cleansed by the liver

sinusoid

Liver cells called hepatocytes are able to cleanse blood leaving the digestive system because they have abundant amounts of this organelle called the ___ reticulum

smooth endoplasmic

The liver is able to store glucose as this starch, which is called ___

glycogen

Vitamins function as ___, because they play a role in assisting enzymes

coenzymes

Most of the ___ vitamins come from meats, grains, and vegtables

B

Vitamin ___ primarily comes from citrus fruits, tomatoes, and broccoli. This vitamin functions to help our bodies produce collagen

C

One gram of carbohydrates contains how many kilocalories?

4

One gram of protein contains how many kilocalories

4

On gram of fats contains how many kilocalories

9

The micronutrients function as coenzymes

vitamins

Acini are microscopic structures that belong to which organ

pancreas

What is the name of the enzyme secreted by the pancreas that digests proteins

trypsin

What is the name of the enzyme secreted by the pancreas that digests starch?

amylase

Name the final product of protein digestion

amino acids

Name the enzyme secreted by the salivary glands that functions in the digestions of starch and carbs

salivary amylase

Name the enzyme secreted by the salivary glands that functions in the digestion of lipids

lingual lipase

The ___ folds of the small intestine force chyme to move in a spiral motion. This helps to make absorption of nutrients more efficient

circular

The ___ are specialized lymphatic capillaries in the villi of the small intestine that function to absorb lipids

circular

What are the name of the cells in the gastric glands of the stomach that produce hydrochloric acid

parietal cells

What is the name of the cells in the gastric glands of the stomach that produce pepsin

chief cells

Name the enzyme produced by the stomach that digests protein

pepsin

The name of the stomach enzyme that digests lipids

gastric lipase

___ acid produced by the stomach functions to denature proteins, activate the enzyme pepsin, and kill bacteria

hydrochloric acid

Excessive vomiting can lead to a condition called metabolic alkalosis, because when the stomach replenishes lose stomach acids, the parietal cells pump ___ into the bloodstream

bicarbonate

The stomach turns the bolus of food and saliva into a paste-like material called

chyme

The term for vomiting is…

emesis