Psychology Chapter 7 and 9

According to Freud, the deeper, hidden meaning of a dream is called ______ content.

latent

Dreams are a byproduct of recent physical and mental experiences according to the _____ theory.

self-organization

T OR F: Altered consciousness occurs when you are fully awake, aware, and alert.

false

When you are so fully absorbed in an experience that everything else fades away, a condition called _____ occurs

flow

What type of drug helps with pain management because it mimics the body’s own endorphins?

opioids

The awareness of one’s surroundings and mental processes is called ______.

consciousness

Information outside of our awareness that may never be brought into awareness is called our ______

unconsciousness

The fact that we may not even notice when an unexpected object appears before us because we are so focused on something else is evidence for ______.

inattential blindness

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are part of ______ sleep.

stage 2

manifest content

what you actually see or experience in a dream

latent content

a dreams underlying or hidden meaning. it realizes on symbolism

classical conditioning

when a natural response to one stimuli is transferred to another because the two stimuli are associated with each other. ex: a dog associating a bell for dinner time

stimulus

any agent, event, or situation, internal or external that elicits a response from an organism.

learning

a long term change in behavior or psychological response due to previous experiences

unconditioned stimulus

an object, sound, smell in the environment that triggers an automatic reaction.

unconditioned response

the automatic, instinctive reaction caused by an unconditioned stimulus.

neutral stimulus

an object, sound, smell, etc in the environment that doesn’t cause any particular reaction

conditioned stimulus

an object sound, etc in the environment that causes an unnatural reaction after learning has happened

conditioned response

the reaction caused by a condition stimulus, which occurs only after learning has happened.

acquisition

in classical conditioning its when the association between two stimuli is first happening or is being strengthened with repeated pairings

extinction

when a conditioned response no longer occurs

spontaneous recovery

when a conditioned response returns after a period of extinction

generalization

when a conditioned response occurs because of a new stimulus that is similar to a previously learned conditioned stimulus. ex: a veterans jumping at fireworks due to ptsd

discrimination

when we respond only to a specific conditioned stimulus and not to other similar stimuli. ex: agencies want buyers to transfer love for one thing to what they’re selling they may use celebrities.

taste aversion

the tendency to avoid certain foods after they have been paired with feeling sick, even after one occurrence

biological preparedness

our body’s natural tendency to make some associations faster than other, espically when they are related to our biologicial needs.

operant conditioning

learning to associate rewards or punishments with certain behaviors based on what has followed that behavior in the past.

law of effect

behaviors followed by rewards will be strengthen while behaviors followed by punishments will be weakened. developed by Edward Thorndike.

operant conditioning chamber (skinner box)

a mechanical box in which animals can be trained using reinforcements ad punishments.

positive reinforcement

when a pleasant stimulus is added the environment, rewarding behavior and making it more likely in the future. ex: pressing a lever to get the food pellet

negative reinforcement

When an unpleasant stimulus is removed from the environment, rewarding behavior and making it more likely in the future. ex: buckling your seatbelt to make car stop beeping

positive punishment

When an unpleasant stimulus is added to the environment, making behavior less likely in the future​. ex: electric shock

negative punishment

When a pleasant stimulus is removed from the environment, making behavior less likely in the future . ex: children losing phone privileges

shaping

learning through reinforcement over several progressive stages

successive approximations

method that uses reinforcers to condition a series of small steps that gradually approach the target behavior. ex: schoolwork getting harder each year

partial reinforcement effect

The tendency for behaviors acquired through intermittent reinforcement to be more resistant to extinction than those acquired through continuous reinforcement​

ratio schedules

When reinforcement or punishment occurs based on how often a behavior has been performed

interval schedules

When reinforcement or punishment occurs based on how much time has passed (regardless of how many times the behavior was enacted).​

fixed interval schedule

• When reinforcement or punishment consistently occurs after a set period of time (the behavior is only reinforced after the period of time is over)​

variable interval schedule

• When reinforcement or punishment is based on time, but the exact amount of time can change​ ex: baking cookies within a range of time

cognitive learning

Change in knowledge or understanding on a mental level​

insight

Working out a solution to a problem simply by thinking it through​

cognitive map

A mental representation of the layout of a given geographical region or area.​

latent learning

Knowledge gained that can only be observed indirectly or later​

observational learning

When we change our behavior because we assume we’ll experience the same consequences, we’ve seen others experience for their behaviors

modeling

Imitating the behavior of others, especially when we see them getting rewards.​

four necessary elements for observational learning

attention, memory, imitation, desire