FHS Quiz 9/21 BH

Glutamate

Main excitatory transmitter; learning, memory, long-term potentiation, cognition

GABA

main inhibitory transmitter; calms firing and stablilizes circuits

Glycine

inhibitory, ofund in spinal cord and brainstem

Dopamine

reward, motivation, movement, attention, cognition, inhibits prolactin

Norepinephrine

arousal, alertness, attention, vigilance, sympathetic fight-or-flight response

Serotonin

mood, sleep, appetite, pain perception, impulse, emotional regulation

Acetylcholine

skeletal muscle contraction, attention, learning, memory, autonomic signaling

Histamine

wakefulness, alertness, and immune signaling

Substance P

pain transmission and stress-related signaling

Endorphins

endogenous pain relief, stress modulation, reward, well-being

Nitric Oxide

diffusible messenger that modulates signaling and blood vessel tone

Oxytocin

social bonding, trust, attachment, and closeness

Anxiety Disorder Symptoms

• excessive worry or dread

• restlessness

• muscle tension

• poor concentration

• sleep disturbance

• avoidance and hypervigilance

• palpitations and breathlessness

Anxiety Disorder NTs

• Low GABA inhibition

• High glutamate

• Dysregulated serotonin

• High NE

• Hyperactive amygdala

Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms

• persistent low mood

• adhedonia

• fatigue, sleep, or appetite change

• poor concentration

• worthlessness

• slowed cognition

• suicidal ideation

Major Depressive Disorder NTs

• dysregulated serotonin, NE and dopamine

• altered glutamate and GABA

• Low BDNF

• High cortisol

Bipolar Disorder symptoms

• Mania: elevated or irritable mood, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, increased activity, risky behaviors

• Depression: low mood, anhedonia, fatigue, SI

Bipolar Disorder NTs

• Mania: high dopamine and NE

• Depression: low dopamine and NE, serotonin instability, high glutamate, low GABA

Dissociative Disorders Symptoms

• depersonalization and derealization

• dissociative amnesia

• identity fragmentation

• emotional numbing

• linked to a trauma

Dissociative Disorder NTs

• altered glutamate and GABA

• cortisol dysregulation

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder Symptoms

• positive: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech

• negative: avolition, social withdrawl, anhedonia, flat affect

• cognitive: impaired attention, working memory, or executive functioning

Schizophrenia NTs

• high dopamine in mesolimbic causes positive symptoms

• low dopamine in mesocortical causes cognitive and negative

• Low GABA and serotonin